Redefining the Chinese Revolution

Abstract

In recent years, China scholars have often debated the meaning and definition of the Chinese Revolution. While some studies reveal discontinuity or radical and transformative change, others show continuity or gradual and evolutionary change. This article contributes to the debate by examining how the connective tissues in Guizhou’s regional economic institutions—the regional economic bureaucracy and regional state enterprises as well as enterprise organization, management, and incentive structures and mechanisms—emerged, grew, broke down, and were replaced over the period 1937 to 1957. Specifically, it focuses on the creation and expansion of Guizhou’s regional state enterprises, the transformation of enterprise authority structure, the transplantation of the Soviet economic accounting system, the appropriation of the Western accounting system, and the development of social service and welfare institutions. Drawing extensively on heretofore unavailable archival and published material, this study demonstrates that the changes in Guizhou’s regional economic institutions were both radical and transformative and gradual and evolutionary. In the process, Guizhou’s regional state enterprises came to be defined by bureaucratic enterprise governance, Chinese Communist Party control over enterprise employees, and distinctive enterprise management and incentive mechanisms.

Flavan-3-ols and Cardiometabolic Health: First Ever Dietary Bioactive Guideline

“…Dose consistency among various meta-analyses including data from randomized clinical trials and observational (cohort) studies supports the 400-600 mg/d recommendation for cardiometabolic health. The Expert Panel also considered the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies' Scientific Opinions authorizing the health claim on consumption of cocoa flavanols and maintenance of normal endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and the specific proposed concentrations for proanthocyanidins and catechins by the Chinese Nutrition Society (22,23). Although the small effects exerted by flavan-3-ols on individual biomarkers (e.g., a 1 mm Hg decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure) might seem clinically insignificant in isolation, it has been noted that each 2-mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure increases mortality due to ischemic heart disease and stroke by 7% and 10%, respectively (24).…”

“…For example, the recent scientific opinion from EFSA regarding the safety of green tea catechins concluded that there is evidence from clinical trials that intake of doses ≥800 mg EGCG/d taken in supplemental form can increase serum transaminases. Similarly, the Chinese Nutrition Society has proposed a 800 mg/d tolerable upper intake level for proanthocyanidins (23). As such, foods including tea, cocoa, cinnamon, apples, and berries should be prioritized over supplementation when seeking potential cardiometabolic benefits from flavan-3-ols.…”