Redefining the regularity effect

Parkin, Alan J.

doi:10.3758/bf03197677

Cited by 51 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Second, because spelling-to-sound regularity has been demonstrated to interact with word frequency in naming (Seidenberg, Waters, Barnes, & Tanenhaus, 1984), it might be argued that the presence of even one or two irregular words in a lowfrequency condition might slow down the mean decision latency for that condition. However, this is unlikely to be the case, because the advantage for regularly spelled words seen in naming tasks does not always extend to the LDT (see, e.g., Andrews, 1982;Coltheart, Besner, Jonasson, & Davelaar, 1979;Coltheart et al, 1977;Mason, 1978;Parkin, 1982Parkin, , 1984Seidenberg et al, 1984). The question that must now be addressed is how the observed interaction between AoA and frequency arose.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age of acquisition, word frequency, and the role of phonology in the lexical decision task

1999

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In five experiments, we examined the respective roles of word age of acquisition (AoA) and frequency in the lexical decision task The two variables were manipulated orthogonally (while controlling for concreteness and length) in fully factorial designs. Experiment 1 was a conventional lexical decision task, and Experiments 2-5 involved various attempts to interfere with reliance upon phonology. In Experiment 2, only orthographically illegal nonwords were used; in Experiment 3, pseudohomophone nonwords; in Experiment 4, articulatory suppression by the recitation of a nursery rhyme; and in Experiment 5, articulatory suppression by the repetition of a single word. The same basic pattern of results was observed in all experiments: There were main effects of both AoAand frequency, which interacted in such a way that the AoAeffect was larger for low-than for high-frequency words. Although the AoAeffect was reduced by manipulations intended to interfere with phonological processing, the manipulations did not eliminate the effect. The results are discussed in terms of current models of reading in which it is proposed that AoAhas its primary effect on the retrieval of lexical phonology, which appears to be consulted automatically in the lexical decision task A recently growing body of research has been focused on the attempt to separate the effects ofage ofacquisition (AoA) and word frequency in lexical processing tasks. The two variables are correlated, since words acquired early in life tend to occur commonly in adulthood. Recent studies have been concerned with the possibility that the very many reported effects of frequency might be confounded with the effects of AoA. The effects of AoA have been demonstrated in studies of picture naming la-

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age of acquisition, word frequency, and the role of phonology in the lexical decision task

1999

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“…The effects of regularity were tested using three word lists (Coltheart, Besner, Jonasson, & Davelaar, 1979;Glushko, 1979;Parkin, 1984). All three lists consisted of short (one or two syllable long) morphologically simple content words (there were only two morphologically complex words in Parkin's list, and one function word in Glushko's list).…”

Section: Regularitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The syntax of single words: Evidence from a patient with a selective function word reading deficit

Druks¹,

Froud²

2002

Cognitive Neuropsychology

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We describe the reading performance of a patient who has selective deficits for reading nonwords, function words, and morphologically complex words in isolation. His reading of highly abstract nouns and verbs, however, is relatively well preserved. He can recognise and comprehend the meaning of written function words, of derivational morphology, and of most inflectional morphology. We suggest that his deficit in reading grammatical morphemes is unrelated to his problems in reading nonwords and cannot be explained by their low semanticity and imageability. The patient's speech is ungrammatical but is not devoid of grammatical morphemes and his reading of functional elements improves when these are presented within the context of sentences. We argue that syntactic information relevant to individual lexical items including information about how the word may potentially be used within a phrase must be accessed during single word reading tasks (e.g., Levelt, 1989). This is particularly difficult for function words due to their linguistic specification, which is different from that of lexical categories (Chomsky, 1995). Both linguistic theory and Garrett's (e.g., 1982) model of sentence processing account for the patient's improved reading of function words in the context of sentences.

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“…The former, as originally proposed by Coltheart (1978) and subsequently developed by Morton and Patterson (1980) and Parkin (1984), postulates two functionally independent methods of word processing. One of these is a lexical processing route that operates by the direct mapping of the visual characteristics of a letter string onto its stored lexical representation in the mental lexicon.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…' Recent modifications to dual-route theory have amended Coltheart's (1978) assertion that the nonlexical route operates solely by the application of GPCs. Shallice, Warrington, and McCarthy (1983) and Parkin (1984) suggested that nonlexical assembly of phonology may also use larger patterns of letters operating beyond the GPC level. If this is the case, some words exhibiting a minor correspondence in terms of Venezky's (1970) rules have a major correWe are grateful to the editor and to two anonymous reviewers for their many helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript.…”

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confidence: 99%

Further explorations of the consistency effect in word and nonword pronunciation

Stanhope

Parkin

1987

Memory & Cognition

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Three experiments explored the consistency effect in word and nonword pronunciation. All three experiments involved a common second phase in which subjects were required to pronounce a sequence of consistent and inconsistent words and nonwords. The experiments were distinguished by the nature of Phase 1. In Experiment 1, subjects pronounced a sequence of words and nonwords in which all the words were exceptions. In Experiment 2, all the items in this phase were consistent, and in Experiment 3, they were inconsistent. Consistency effects for words, as measured by pronunciation latency, were confined to Experiment 1. Consistency effects for nonwords were found in Experiment 2. No consistency effects were found for either words or nonwords in Experiment 3. There was clear evidence of a consistency effect for nonwords in Experiment 1 in terms of pronunciation errors, but the latency data were not significant. This is attributed to the very slow response times in this condition. All these data are compatible with both revised analogy and dual-route theories.Two classes of theory seek to explain the processes whereby the pronunciation of words and nonwords is achieved: the dual-route theory and the analogy theory. The former, as originally proposed by Coltheart (1978) and subsequently developed by Morton and Patterson (1980) and Parkin (1984), postulates two functionally independent methods of word processing. One of these is a lexical processing route that operates by the direct mapping of the visual characteristics of a letter string onto its stored lexical representation in the mental lexicon. In addition, a nonlexical processing route is assumed to translate the visual code of a word into a phonological one on the basis of spelling-to-sound rules. Coltheart proposed that this phonemic transcription operated by means of grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence rules (GPCs) as specified by Venezky (1970). These rules were derived by considering a maximum of two letters at a time (Le., vowel, vowel digraph, consonant, and consonant clusters) to define their major and minor correspondences. For example, the major correspondence (Le., the most common pronunciation) of the vowel digraph EA is Ii! as in BEAN, and minor Oess common) ones are leil as in BREAK and lei as in BREAD. Thus the phonemic transcription of the word BEACH would yield fbi, Iii, and ItJI. ' Recent modifications to dual-route theory have amended Coltheart's (1978) assertion that the nonlexical route operates solely by the application of GPCs. Shallice, Warrington, and McCarthy (1983) and Parkin (1984) suggested that nonlexical assembly of phonology may also use larger patterns of letters operating beyond the GPC level. If this is the case, some words exhibiting a minor correspondence in terms of Venezky's (1970) rules have a major correWe are grateful to the editor and to two anonymous reviewers for their many helpful comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. Please direct all correspondence to: Alan J. Parkin, Laboratory of Experimental Psychology,...

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Redefining the regularity effect

Cited by 51 publications

References 9 publications

Age of acquisition, word frequency, and the role of phonology in the lexical decision task

Age of acquisition, word frequency, and the role of phonology in the lexical decision task

The syntax of single words: Evidence from a patient with a selective function word reading deficit

Further explorations of the consistency effect in word and nonword pronunciation

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