Redescription of Butlerius butleri Goodey, 1929 (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) from South Korea

Abstract

The type species of the genus Butlerius, viz., B. butleri Goodey, 1929, is redescribed and illustrated from specimens collected in South Korea. Additional information is provided for the cuticle, stoma structure, female reproductive system and the male caudal region. The Korean population is 1336-1857 μm long, a = 33.9-43.5, b = 5.41-6.34, c = 3.38-4.20, c′ = 14.13-19.0 and V = 40-45%. Males have spicules 39-49 μm long and a gubernaculum 25-33 μm long. There are nine pairs of genital papillae, three pairs precloacal and six pairs postcloacal. The v5,6,7 clusters are widely separated, one group situated just posterior to the phasmids and the other group at level of pd. Although there are some differences in morphometrics as compared with the type population, the species is easily identified by the similarities in the structure of the stoma, pharynx, spicules and gubernaculum. Butlerius singularis and B. filicaudatus are proposed as synonyms of the type species.

In Vitro Lethal Activity of the Nematophagous Fungus Clonostachys rosea (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) against Nematodes of Five Different Taxa

“…Finally a piece of foil was used to cover the fecal cultures and a 10 cm 2 window with a gauze was adapted to the foil allowing oxygen interchange and to promote a suitable development of eggs/larvae. Fecal cultures were maintained at 18–25°C temperature for 25 days [30, 33, 34]. …”

Butlerius butleri (Nematoda: Diplogasteridae) Feeds on Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) Infective Larvae and Free-Living Nematodes in Sheep Faecal Cultures Under Laboratory Conditions: Preliminary Report

“…The predatory nematode B. butleri was identified based on the taxonomic characteristics described by Ahmad et al [2] and Shokoohi et al [23].…”

“…Faecal eggs hatch free-living larvae that migrate out of the faeces and they develop in two developing stages from the first larva until reaching the third evolutive stage, which is the infective stage [24]. During this period of their lives, larvae have to face a lethal biological fight against a number of natural nematode enemies [18], including predatory nematodes [2]. Butlerius sp.…”

“…is a nematode-predatory nematode living in the soil and belongs to the group of Diplogasteridae [21] feeding on different kinds of soil nematodes (Fig. 1); it possesses a dorsal tooth that it uses to cut open its nematode prey when consuming them [2]. The life cycle of the genus Butlerius includes the egg stage and three larval stages, followed by a final fourth stage that corresponds to the sexually mature male and female adult stage [6].…”

Description and developmental biology of the predatory diplogastridAcrostichus nudicapitatus(Steiner, 1914) Massey, 1962 (Nematoda: Rhabditida)

“…Besides, the developmental biology and the type of insect associates may further provide important supporting evidence for species characterization. Barring few sporadic taxonomic reports by Khera (1965Khera ( , 1970, Suryawanshi (1971), Tahseen et al (1992), Hussain et al (2004), Ahmad et al (2004Ahmad et al ( , 2005, Mahamood et al (2006Mahamood et al ( , 2007, Khan et al (2008), , Ahmad et al (2009), Singh et al (2014 and Mahamood (2014), the diplogastrids of India have largely remained neglected.…”