Senior Advisor to the Acting Deputy Secretary of Education, 1993-98This book is dedicated to the memory of David W. Stevenson. His understanding of the interplay between basic research and education policy facilitated the development of this research seminar. From his early days in the sociology program at Yale, David began to develop a discipline-specific understanding of the structural factors mediating social change. As he became more involved in controversial policy issues, he saw the necessity for more definitive empirical evidence in their resolution. In the continual efforts of the research and policy communities, David's perspective will continue to enrich conversations about the direction of and appropriate methodologies for education reform. We acknowledge, with this dedication, his memorable accomplishments and our appreciation for his influence on this research seminar. In November 1998, a group of outstanding researchers and scholars gathered at the Charles Sumner School in Washington, DC to explore methodological issues related to the measurement of student achievement. Within this broad topic, the research seminar also focused more specifically on the sharing of perspectives related to the black-white test score gap. This sharing enabled the participants to compare their analyses and findings and to recommend improvements in data collection and analysis to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Thus, eventually this collegial exchange promises to improve the utility of NCES data sets for policymakers in their efforts to ensure both excellence and equity in American education.Seeking deeper explanations of the test score gap is a critical first step in the process of assessing student achievement more accurately. Toward that end, the seminar demonstrated the need for NCES to pursue more aggressively the development of concepts and methodologies that allow independent analysts to unravel the causes of such gaps. Such an "unraveling" requires closer examination of the complex interrelationships among resource factors, home and schooling influences, family configurations, and achievement outcomes. Further, NCES needs to place both cross-sectional and longitudinal data in a broader framework and to explicate our findings within diverse social contexts in richer detail.The work of the Assessment Division in NCES, in particular, will benefit from the development of more explicit constructs that allow better comparisons of achievement results without the confounding interpretations that typically characterize conventional statistical presentations. For example, when achievement discrepancies between blacks and whites reveal different patterns in the northern states as compared to southern states, what type of analysis can we conduct that would enlighten our understanding of these historical and contemporary differences?x This first seminar has reminded us of the value of having researchers, scholars, and practitioners come together to advance knowledge in the field of achievement research ...