Redox-active polymers: The magic key towards energy storage – a polymer design guideline progress in polymer science

Rohland, Philip; Schröter, Erik; Nolte, Oliver; Newkome, George R.; Hager, Martin D.; Schubert, Ulrich S.

doi:10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101474

Cited by 75 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 512 publications

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“…With the prevailing global climate crisis and the growing energy demand, the need for sustainable energy storage technologies continues to increase . Next to conventional battery systems such as the Li- or Ni-ion batteries and alkaline batteries, organic-based competitors are subject to large research efforts. − A plethora of redox-active polymers has been investigated, and these materials were shown to exhibit high cyclability and high power densities in organic radical batteries (ORBs). ,− Among those polymers, poly(TEMPO-methacrylate) (PTMA) has gained high popularity due to its beneficial electrochemical properties. ,, More recently, the ORB principle was adapted for applications in both polymer-based and small-molecule organic − redox flow batteries (RFBs) utilizing the prominent TEMPO redox moiety. As redox-active materials in solution are utilized, the overall capacity can be scaled freely and independently from the power rating of the battery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-Organic Redox Targeting with a Single Redox Moiety: Combining Organic Radical Batteries and Organic Redox Flow Batteries

Schröter

Stolze

Saal

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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The volumetric capacities and the lifetime of organic redox flow batteries (RFBs) are strongly dependent on the concentrations of the redox-active molecules in the electrolyte. Single-molecule redox targeting represents an efficient approach toward realizing viable organic RFBs with low to moderate electrolyte concentrations. For the first time, an all-organic Nernstian potential-driven redox targeting system is investigated that directly combines a single-electrode material from organic radical batteries (ORBs) with a single redox couple of an aqueous, organic RFB, which are based on the same redox moiety. Namely, poly(TEMPO-methacrylate) (PTMA) is utilized as the redox target ("solid booster") and N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyloxy-4ammonium chloride (TMATEMPO) is applied as the sole redox mediator to demonstrate the redox targeting mechanisms between the storage materials of both battery types. The formal potentials of both molecules are investigated, and the targeting mechanism is verified by cyclic voltammetry and state-of-charge measurements. Finally, battery cycling experiments demonstrate that 78−90% of the theoretical capacity of the ORB electrode material can be addressed when this material is present as the redox target in the electrolyte tank of an operating, aqueous organic RFB.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-Organic Redox Targeting with a Single Redox Moiety: Combining Organic Radical Batteries and Organic Redox Flow Batteries

Schröter

Stolze

Saal

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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“…Batteries based on conjugated polymers containing stable radical moieties as high-capacitance groups represent a promising class of future electrochemical power sources. [1][2][3][4] They combine the advantages of high-power supercapacitors, namely high discharge rates, and the high energy density of conventional lithium-ion technology. A further beneficial property of organic materials over traditional inorganic materials is their availability and the low cost of the starting materials for the synthesis of the target polymers in conjunction with good mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spins at work: probing charging and discharging of organic radical batteries by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

Kulikov

Panjwani

Vereshchagin

et al. 2022

Energy Environ. Sci.

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“…Hydrogels have attracted considerable research interest for energy conversion and storage applications, such as water electrolysis, fuel cells, rechargeable batteries, and supercapacitors . Among the big family of hydrogels, conducting polymer hydrogels (CPHs) such as polyaniline, poly(3,4-ethyl-enedioxythiophene), and polypyrrole (PPy) have garnered enormous interest due to their excellent features, including facile synthesis, low-cost, lightweight, good environmental stability, good mechanical properties, and outstanding electrochemical performance . These features enable them to serve as potential electrode materials in the future.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-Step Fabrication of Ice-Templated Pure Polypyrrole Nanoparticle Hydrogels for High-Rate Supercapacitors

Huang

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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Conducting polymer hydrogels with high conductivity, excellent electroactivity, and good mechanical strength are desirable for the design of highperformance energy storage devices. However, they suffer from the issue of low porosity, which hinders electrolyte diffusion and leads to poor rate performance. In this work, we developed a one-step, in situ chemical polymerization approach to fabricate a porous pure polypyrrole hydrogel (PPH) with a desirable nanostructure via an ice-templating strategy. This simple synthetic approach offers the PPH tunable porosity, ultrahigh conductivity, and good mechanical strength. Owing to these notable advantages, functioning as a supercapacitor electrode, PPH displays a high specific capacitance of 265 F g −1 (1961 mF cm −2 ) at 1.35 A g −1 (10 mA cm −2 ) and maintains 85% capacitance retention even up to 67.6 A g −1 (500 mA cm −2 ). We also found that PPH without an ice-templated nanostructure possesses poor rate capability due to slow and blocked electrolyte diffusion because of the less-porous nanostructure. This facile, ice-templated strategy to structurally design a porous nanostructure for high-rate performance opens up the possibility for advanced energy storage applications.

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Redox-active polymers: The magic key towards energy storage – a polymer design guideline progress in polymer science

Cited by 75 publications

References 512 publications

All-Organic Redox Targeting with a Single Redox Moiety: Combining Organic Radical Batteries and Organic Redox Flow Batteries

All-Organic Redox Targeting with a Single Redox Moiety: Combining Organic Radical Batteries and Organic Redox Flow Batteries

Spins at work: probing charging and discharging of organic radical batteries by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

One-Step Fabrication of Ice-Templated Pure Polypyrrole Nanoparticle Hydrogels for High-Rate Supercapacitors

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