Redox Biology of Respiratory Viral Infections

Khomich, Olga A.; Kochetkov, Sergey N.; Bartosch, Birke; Ivanov, Alexander V.

doi:10.3390/v10080392

Cited by 339 publications

(376 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…As mentioned above, the excess of free radicals, such as superoxide anions, nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen/ nitrogen species (ROS) [60], and the cytokine storm induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause severe inflammation and multiple organ damage, including severe BBB disruption, which leads to the entry of the virus into the brain via the hematogenous route [61]. The brain has its own lymphatic drainage system [62] and under normal physiologic conditions, cerebral solutes move in the interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) through the glymphatic pathway.…”

Section: Lymphatics And/or Cerebrospinal Fluid Routementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological manifestations of patients with COVID-19: potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion from the periphery to the brain

et al. 2020

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic in only 3 months. In addition to major respiratory distress, characteristic neurological manifestations are also described, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 may be an underestimated opportunistic pathogen of the brain. Based on previous studies of neuroinvasive human respiratory coronaviruses, it is proposed that after physical contact with the nasal mucosa, laryngopharynx, trachea, lower respiratory tract, alveoli epithelium, or gastrointestinal mucosa, SARS-CoV-2 can induce intrinsic and innate immune responses in the host involving increased cytokine release, tissue damage, and high neurosusceptibility to COVID-19, especially in the hypoxic conditions caused by lung injury. In some immunecompromised individuals, the virus may invade the brain through multiple routes, such as the vasculature and peripheral nerves. Therefore, in addition to drug treatments, such as pharmaceuticals and traditional Chinese medicine, non-pharmaceutical precautions, including facemasks and hand hygiene, are critically important.

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Section: Lymphatics And/or Cerebrospinal Fluid Routementioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological manifestations of patients with COVID-19: potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion from the periphery to the brain

et al. 2020

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“…Melatonin reduces infection-associated oxidative stress Viral respiratory infections are associated with oxidative stress characterized by elevated levels of reactive oxygen (ROS) and/or nitrogen species (RNS) [22]. Oxidative stress sensitive genes were upregulated in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SARS-CoV-1 human patients [23].…”

Section: Bats Have Higher Levels Of Melatonin Than Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can melatonin reduce the severity of COVID-19 pandemic?

Shneider

Kudriavtsev

Vakhrusheva

2020

International Reviews of Immunology

147

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The current COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most devastating events in recent history. The virus causes relatively minor damage to young, healthy populations, imposing life-threatening danger to the elderly and people with diseases of chronic inflammation. Therefore, if we could reduce the risk for vulnerable populations, it would make the COVID-19 pandemic more similar to other typical outbreaks. Children don't suffer from COVID-19 as much as their grandparents and have a much higher melatonin level. Bats are nocturnal animals possessing high levels of melatonin, which may contribute to their high anti-viral resistance. Viruses induce an explosion of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species, and melatonin is the best natural antioxidant that is lost with age. The programmed cell death coronaviruses cause, which can result in significant lung damage, is also inhibited by melatonin. Coronavirus causes inflammation in the lungs which requires inflammasome activity. Melatonin blocks these inflammasomes. General immunity is impaired by anxiety and sleep deprivation. Melatonin improves sleep habits, reduces anxiety and stimulates immunity. Fibrosis may be the most dangerous complication after COVID-19. Melatonin is known to prevent fibrosis. Mechanical ventilation may be necessary but yet imposes risks due to oxidative stress, which can be reduced by melatonin. Thus, by using the safe over-the-counter drug melatonin, we may be immediately able to prevent the development of severe disease symptoms in coronavirus patients, reduce the severity of their symptoms, and/or reduce the immuno-pathology of coronavirus infection on patients' health after the active phase of the infection is over. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…These observations suggest a role of VisRH in the oxidative stress response. IAV-infection of A549 cells leads to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and alteration of the antioxidant defense [30, 31]. By measuring the intracellular ROS levels using H 2 DCF-DA, we reproduced this phenotype in our model.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 86%

The pneumococcal two-component system VisRH is linked to enhanced intracellular survival ofStreptococcus pneumoniaein influenza-infected pneumocytes

Reinoso-Vizcaíno

Cian

Cortes

et al. 2019

Preprint

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The virus-bacterial synergism implicated in secondary bacterial infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae following infection with epidemic or pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) is well documented. However, the molecular mechanisms behind such synergism remain largely ill-defined. In pneumocytes infected with influenza A virus, subsequent infection with S. pneumoniae leads to enhanced pneumococcal intracellular survival. The pneumococcal two-component system VisRH appears essential for such enhanced survival. Through comparative transcriptomic analysis between the ΔvisR and wt strains, a list of 179 differentially expressed genes was defined. Among those, the clpL protein chaperone gene and the psaB Mn+2 transporter gene, which are involved in the stress response, are important in enhancing S. pneumoniae survival in influenza-infected cells. The ΔvisR, ΔclpL and ΔpsaB deletion mutants display increased susceptibility to acidic and oxidative stress and no enhancement of intracellular survival in IAV-infected pneumocyte cells. These results suggest that the VisRH two-component system senses IAV-induced stress conditions and controls adaptive responses that allow survival of S. pneumoniae in IAV-infected pneumocytes.Author summaryS. pneumoniae is an inhabitant of the human nasopharynx that is capable of causing a variety of infections contributing to an estimated 1.6 million deaths each year. Many of these deaths occur as result of secondary S. pneumoniae infections following seasonal or pandemic influenza. Although S. pneumoniae is considered a typical extracellular pathogen, an intracellular survival mechanism has been more recently recognized as significant in bacterial pathogenesis. The synergistic effects between influenza A and S. pneumoniae in secondary bacterial infection are well documented; however, the effects of influenza infections on intracellular survival of S. pneumoniae are ill-defined. Here, we provide evidence that influenza infection increases S. pneumoniae intracellular survival in pneumocytes. We demonstrate that the poorly understood VisRH signal transduction system in pneumococcus controls the expression of genes involved in the stress response that S. pneumoniae needs to increase intracellular survival in influenza A-infected pneumocytes. These findings have important implications for understanding secondary bacterial pathogenesis following influenza and for the treatment of such infections in influenza-stricken patients.

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Redox Biology of Respiratory Viral Infections

Cited by 339 publications

References 211 publications

Neurological manifestations of patients with COVID-19: potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion from the periphery to the brain

Neurological manifestations of patients with COVID-19: potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion from the periphery to the brain

Can melatonin reduce the severity of COVID-19 pandemic?

The pneumococcal two-component system VisRH is linked to enhanced intracellular survival ofStreptococcus pneumoniaein influenza-infected pneumocytes

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