Redox Homeostasis in Poultry: Regulatory Roles of NF-κB

Abstract

Redox biology is a very quickly developing area of modern biological sciences, and roles of redox homeostasis in health and disease have recently received tremendous attention. There are a range of redox pairs in the cells/tissues responsible for redox homeostasis maintenance/regulation. In general, all redox elements are interconnected and regulated by various means, including antioxidant and vitagene networks. The redox status is responsible for maintenance of cell signaling and cell stress adaptation. Physiological roles of redox homeostasis maintenance in avian species, including poultry, have received limited attention and are poorly characterized. However, for the last 5 years, this topic attracted much attention, and a range of publications covered some related aspects. In fact, transcription factor Nrf2 was shown to be a master regulator of antioxidant defenses via activation of various vitagenes and other protective molecules to maintain redox homeostasis in cells/tissues. It was shown that Nrf2 is closely related to another transcription factor, namely, NF-κB, responsible for control of inflammation; however, its roles in poultry have not yet been characterized. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe a current view on NF-κB functioning in poultry with a specific emphasis to its nutritional modulation under various stress conditions. In particular, on the one hand, it has been shown that, in many stress conditions in poultry, NF-κB activation can lead to increased synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines leading to systemic inflammation. On the other hand, there are a range of nutrients/supplements that can downregulate NF-κB and decrease the negative consequences of stress-related disturbances in redox homeostasis. In general, vitagene–NF-κB interactions in relation to redox balance homeostasis, immunity, and gut health in poultry production await further research.

Glycerol Monolaurate Ameliorated Intestinal Barrier and Immunity in Broilers by Regulating Intestinal Inflammation, Antioxidant Balance, and Intestinal Microbiota

“…The mRNA expression levels of toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) were decreased in 600 and 1200 mg/kg GML-treated broilers (linear, P = 0.049). The translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) from the cytosol into the nucleus is the critical step in many inflammatory processes ( 19 ). Dietary GML linearly reduced the expression of jejunal NF-κB in 14-day-old broilers ( P < 0.05).…”

Taurine as a Natural Antioxidant: From Direct Antioxidant Effects to Protective Action in Various Toxicological Models

“…Among the many different nutrients essential for human/animal life, natural antioxidants have received tremendous attention over the last 3 decades. It is believed that activated oxygen (reactive oxygen species, ROS) and nitrogen (reactive nitrogen species, RNS) molecules are involved in fundamental processes of cell biology, including cell signalling and adaptation to stressors [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. It is clear that well-controlled low levels of ROS and RNS are essential for homeostasis maintenance; however, increased and poorly controlled ROS and RNS production can lead to oxidative stress, an important cause of various human and animal diseases, decrease human quality of life, and decrease the productive and reproductive performance of farm animals [ 4 , 5 ].…”

“…Recent data on involvement of various transcription factors (e.g., Nrf2, NF-κB, etc.) and vitagenes in antioxidant defences changed attitudes towards nutritional antioxidants [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Traditional dietary antioxidants (vitamins E and C) and plant-derived natural antioxidants (carotenoids, polyphenols, etc.)…”

Immune-Related Gene Expression Profiling of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Supplemented with Vinification Byproducts: A Valorization Approach II

“…Several recent lines of evidence reveal that the stimulation of NF-kB through the Toll-like receptor 4 ( TLR4 ) can be attributed to ROS, such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide [ 9 ]. The activation of the TLR4-NFkB pathway leads to increased transcription of genes related to innate immunity and pro-inflammatory responses that can further burden broilers’ performance under factory farming conditions [ 12 ]. The activation of the immune response constitutes a significant dietary energy loss since immune regulation requires vast amounts of energy and nutrients [ 13 ].…”