Redox-Mediated Mechanism of Chemoresistance in Cancer Cells

Kim, Min Jung; Jang, Mingyeong; Song, Min Jeong; Kim, Dongwoo; Kim, Yosup; Jang, Ho Hee

doi:10.3390/antiox8100471

Cited by 102 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 174 publications

(235 reference statements)

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“…The result of an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants is oxidative stress, the consequences of which are oxidative modifications of lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. This results in changes in the structure of the above molecules and, as a result, disrupts their molecular interactions and signal transduction pathways [39]. Oxidative modifications play an important role in the functioning of redox-sensitive transcription factors (including Nrf2 and the nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB).…”

Section: The Consequences Of Direct Antioxidant Action Of Cbdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol

2019

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Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the main pharmacologically active phytocannabinoids of Cannabis sativa L. CBD is non-psychoactive but exerts a number of beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The chemistry and pharmacology of CBD, as well as various molecular targets, including cannabinoid receptors and other components of the endocannabinoid system with which it interacts, have been extensively studied. In addition, preclinical and clinical studies have contributed to our understanding of the therapeutic potential of CBD for many diseases, including diseases associated with oxidative stress. Here, we review the main biological effects of CBD, and its synthetic derivatives, focusing on the cellular, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of CBD.Antioxidants 2020, 9, 21 2 of 20 Moreover, this phytocannabinoid accelerated wound healing in a diabetic rat model by protecting the endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [11]. In addition, by preventing the formation of oxidative stress in the retina neurons of diabetic animals, CBD counteracted tyrosine nitration, which can lead to glutamate accumulation and neuronal cell death [12].This review summarizes the chemical and biological effects of CBD and its natural and synthetic derivatives. Particular attention was paid to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of CBD and its derivatives, bearing in mind the possibilities of using this phytocannabinoid to protect against oxidative stress and the consequences associated with oxidative modifications of proteins and lipids. Although CBD demonstrates safety and a good side effect profile in many clinical trials [4], all of the therapeutic options for CBD discussed in this review are limited in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular Structure of CBDCBD is a terpenophenol compound containing twenty-one carbon atoms, with the formula C 21 H 30 O 2 and a molecular weight of 314.464 g/mol (Figure 1). The chemical structure of cannabidiol, 2-[1R-3-methyl-6R-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-5-pentyl-1, 3-benzenediol, was determined in 1963 [13]. The current IUPAC preferred terminology is 2-[(1R,6R)-3-methyl-6-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl]-5-pentylbenzene-1,3-diol. Naturally occurring CBD has a (−)-CBD structure [14]. The CBD molecule contains a cyclohexene ring (A), a phenolic ring (B) and a pentyl side chain. In addition, the terpenic ring (A) and the aromatic ring (B) are located in planes that are almost perpendicular to each other [15]. There are four known CBD side chain homologs, which are methyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, and n-pentyl [16]. All known CBD forms (Table 1) have absolute trans configuration in positions 1R and 6R [16].

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Section: The Consequences Of Direct Antioxidant Action Of Cbdmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol

2019

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“…Furthermore, increased oxidative stress is an important factor leading to abnormal intracellular signal transduction (17,18). ROS can induce continuous activation of pSTAT3, NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (16,(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24) and promote the growth of certain cancer, including ccRCC, melanoma and liver cancer, regulate angiogenesis, and accelerate tumor metastasis by promoting the expression of a series of proliferation-and metastasis-related genes, including cyclinD1 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) (16,(25)(26)(27).…”

Section: G6pd Facilitates Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Invasion Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

G6PD facilitates clear cell renal cell carcinoma invasion by enhancing MMP2 expression through ROS‑MAPK axis pathway

et al. 2020

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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is crucial rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). G6PD dysregulation has been reported in various types of human cancer, and the role of G6PD in cancer progression was demonstrated in numerous studies. A previous study from our laboratory described the prognostic significance of G6PD in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), and demonstrated its proliferative role through positive feedback regulation of the phosphorylated form of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. However, the role of G6PD in ccRCC invasion remains unclear. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR, western blotting, enzyme activity assay, transwell assay and immunohistochemistry analysis in cell model, xenograft mice model and human specimen studies were performed to evaluate the role of G6PD in ccRCC invasion. The results from the present study demonstrated that G6PD may promote ccRCC cell invasive ability by increasing matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) mRNA and protein expression both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, a positive correlation between G6PD and MMP2 expression was demonstrated by RT-qPCR and western blotting in twenty pairs of ccRCC tumor specimens and matched adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, G6PD promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and activated the MAPK signaling pathway in ccRCC cells. In addition, ROS significantly promoted the MAPK signaling pathway activation, which in turn contributed to MMP2 overexpression in ccRCC cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that G6PD may facilitate ccRCC cell invasive ability by enhancing MMP2 expression through ROS-MAPK axis pathway.

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“…It has been reported that ROS dysregulation plays crucial impact on abnormal intracellular signal transduction [21,22]. ROS could stimulate continuous activation of pSTAT3, NF-κB and MAPK signals [19,[23][24][25], and promote the occurrence and development of various types of cancer, including RCC, shin cancer and lung cancer [19,26,27]. NF-κB signaling over-activation has been described to contribute to RCC cell migration and invasion [28], and the high expression level of pSTAT3 S727 is expected to be an independent prognostic molecule for ccRCC patients [29,30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NF-κB and pSTAT3 synergistically drive G6PD overexpression and facilitate sensitivity to G6PD inhibition in ccRCC

Zhang

Yang

et al. 2020

Cancer Cell Int

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Background Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) serves key roles in cancer cell metabolic reprogramming, and has been reported to be involved in certain carcinogenesis. Previous results from our laboratory demonstrated that overexpressed G6PD was a potential prognostic biomarker in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common subtype of kidney cancer. G6PD could stimulate ccRCC growth and invasion through facilitating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3) activation and ROS-MAPK-MMP2 axis pathway, respectively. However, the reasons for ectopic G6PD overexpression and the proliferation repressive effect of G6PD inhibition in ccRCC are still unclear. Methods The impact of ROS accumulation on NF-κB signaling pathway and G6PD expression was determined by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot in ccRCC cells following treatment with ROS stimulator or scavenger. The regulatory function of NF-κB signaling pathway in G6PD transcription was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, Western blot, luciferase and ChIP assay in ccRCC cells following treatment with NF-κB signaling activator/inhibitor or lentivirus infection. ChIP and Co-IP assay was performed to demonstrate protein-DNA and protein–protein interaction of NF-κB and pSTAT3, respectively. MTS assay, human tissue detection and xenograft model were conducted to characterize the association between NF-κB, pSTAT3, G6PD expression level and proliferation functions. Results ROS-stimulated NF-κB and pSTAT3 signaling over-activation could activate each other, and exhibit cross-talks in G6PD aberrant transcriptional regulation. The underlying mechanism was that NF-κB signaling pathway facilitated G6PD transcription via direct DNA–protein interaction with p65 instead of p50. p65 and pSTAT3 formed a p65/pSTAT3 complex, occupied the pSTAT3-binding site on G6PD promoter, and contributed to ccRCC proliferation following facilitated G6PD overexpression. G6PD, pSTAT3, and p65 were highly expressed and positively correlated with each other in ccRCC tissues, confirming that NF-κB and pSTAT3 synergistically promote G6PD overexpression. Moreover, G6PD inhibitor exhibited tumor-suppressor activities in ccRCC and attenuated the growth of ccRCC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion ROS-stimulated aberrations of NF-κB and pSTAT3 signaling pathway synergistically drive G6PD transcription through forming a p65/pSTAT3 complex. Moreover, G6PD activity inhibition may be a promising therapeutic strategy for ccRCC treatment.

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Redox-Mediated Mechanism of Chemoresistance in Cancer Cells

Cited by 102 publications

References 174 publications

Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol

Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol

G6PD facilitates clear cell renal cell carcinoma invasion by enhancing MMP2 expression through ROS‑MAPK axis pathway

NF-κB and pSTAT3 synergistically drive G6PD overexpression and facilitate sensitivity to G6PD inhibition in ccRCC

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