Redox regulation, thioredoxins, and glutaredoxins in retrograde signalling and gene transcription

Abstract

Integration of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signal transduction pathways via redox sensors and the thiol-dependent signalling network is of increasing interest in cell biology for their implications in plant growth and productivity. Redox regulation is an important point of control in the protein structure, interactions, cellular location and function, thioredoxins (TRXs) and glutaredoxins (GRXs) being key players in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. The crosstalk between second messengers, ROS, thiol redox signalling and redox homeostasis-related genes, controls almost every aspect of plant development and stress response. We review the emerging roles of TRXs and GRXs in redox-regulated processes interacting with other cell signalling systems such as organellar retrograde communication and gene expression, especially in plants during their development and under stressful environments. This approach will throw light on the specific role of these proteins as redox signalling components, and their importance in different developmental processes during abiotic stress.

The redox code of plants

“…The interactions between metabolism, energy, redox state and H 2 O 2 levels, outlined in Figures 1 and 2, occur in almost all subcellular compartments of the cell (Figure 3). These interactions define and regulate each compartment and are directly linked to the specialised metabolism that occurs within it (Diaz-Vivancos et al, 2015;Mittler et al, 2022;Noctor & Foyer, 2016;Sevilla et al, 2023;Smirnoff & Arnaud, 2019). For example, due to their specialised metabolism, compartments such as the chloroplast, apoplast, ER and peroxisomes could have a higher oxidation state compared to the cytosol and nuclei (Figure 3).…”

Members of the Capsicum annuum CaTrxh Family Respond to High Temperature and Exhibit Dynamic Hetero/Homo Interactions

“…Thioredoxin (Trx) is evolutionarily conserved in diverse organisms and plays important roles in many cellular processes involving redox regulation [4,5]. Trx is an about-12-kDa small protein with a redox-active disulfide motif (WCGPC) in a catalytic domain.…”