“…As such, we thus focused our attentions on transcription factors that have been reported downstream of TLR4, hemin-induced, and have been reported to be redox regulated. Both Sp1 and NF-κB fit these parameters and reports suggest a cooperative action between these two factors in gene regulation [ [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] ]. In addition, hemin has been shown to activate NF-κB via TLR4 in the liver of sickle cell mice [ 55 ].…”