Reduced <i>Myxobolus cerebralis</i> Actinospore Production in a Colorado Reservoir May Be Linked to Changes in <i>Tubifex tubifex</i> Population Structure

Nehring, R. Barry; Hancock, Brittany; Catanese, M.; Stinson, Matthew E. T.; Winkelman, Dana L.; Wood, John S.; Epp, Janet K.

doi:10.1080/08997659.2013.788581

Cited by 8 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…For Phase 1 (P1), 4 groups of 250 worms from 6 separate source populations were placed in 1 l containers with 240 g of sterilized white arena sand (≤1 mm grain size) and 750 ml of aerated, dechlorinated tap water, at an approximate density of 34 600 oligochaetes m −2 . This density is at the lower end of the range observed among T. tubifex oligochaete populations observed in organically rich aquatic habitats in Colorado (Nehring et al 2013). The M. cerebralis-susceptible (Lineage III) populations were from Mt.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Whitney Lineage III worms used in the study were originally obtained from collaborators at the University of California, Davis, and subsequently maintained, cultured and used as our laboratory controls for comparative purposes in this study and previous research investigations (Nehring et al 2013(Nehring et al , 2014(Nehring et al , 2015. All of the other Tubifex tubifex exposure groups were collected from 4 streams and 1 reservoir in Colorado that had been the subject of previous research efforts (Nehring et al 2013(Nehring et al , 2014(Nehring et al , 2015. Progeny from each of these collections were maintained and held in 13 l aquaria supplied with aerated, dechlorinated tap water for 1 yr or longer in order to acquire the number of experimental worms needed for this study.…”

Section: Source(s) Of Experimental Oligochaetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Deactivation of myxospores in the natural environment by these tubificids could reduce or eliminate M. cerebralis infections where they were the dominant oligochaete (Beauchamp et al 2002, 2006, Kerans et al 2004, Nehring et al 2013. The objective of our study was to answer that question.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…These research efforts were focused on both aspects of the parasite life cycle. Application of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology (Andree et al 1998, Baldwin & Myklebust 2002, Cavender et al 2004) molecular biology (Sturmbauer et al 1999, Beauchamp et al 2001) and other state-of-the-art analytical techniques led to rapid advances and a deeper understanding of the etiology of M. cerebralis in the aquatic oligochaete host T. tubifex (Gilbert & Granath 2001, Beauchamp et al 2002, 2006, Nehring et al 2013. Beauchamp et al (2001) developed mitochondrial 16S ribosomal DNA markers to parse the T. tubifex species-complex into 6 distinct lineages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lin-eage I T. tubifex can be infected but only produce TAMs when exposed to dose rates ≥1000 myxospores worm −1 (see Table 6 in Nehring et al 2014). Numerous studies have repeatedly shown T. tubifex Lineages IV, V, and VI from all across western North America to be refractory to M. cerebralis infection (DuBey & Caldwell 2004, DuBey et al 2005, Arsan et al 2007, Hallett et al 2009, Zielinski et al 2011, Nehring et al 2013. Lineage II tubificids, originally described as a European species (Sturmbauer et al 1999, Beauchamp et al 2001, to our knowledge have never been collected in North America or tested for susceptibility to the M. cerebralis parasite.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accelerated deactivation of Myxobolus cerebralis myxospores by susceptible and non-susceptible Tubifex tubifex

Nehring¹,

Schisler²,

Chiaramonte³

et al. 2016

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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In the 1990s, the Tubifex tubifex aquatic oligochaete species complex was parsed into 6 separate lineages differing in susceptibility to Myxobolus cerebralis, the myxozoan parasite that can cause whirling disease (WD). Lineage III T. tubifex oligochaetes are highly susceptible to M. cerebralis infection. Lineage I, IV, V and VI oligochaetes are highly resistant or refractory to infection and may function as biological filters by deactivating M. cerebralis myxospores. We designed a 2-phased laboratory experiment using triactinomyxon (TAM) production as the response variable to test that hypothesis. A separate study conducted concurrently demonstrated that M. cerebralis myxospores held in sand and water at temperatures ≤15°C degrade rapidly, becoming almost completely non-viable after 180 d. Those results provided the baseline to assess deactivation of M. cerebralis myxospores by replicates of mixed lineage (I, III, V and VI) and refractory lineage (V and VI) oligochaetes. TAM production was zero among 7 of 8 Lineage V and Lineage VI T. tubifex oligochaete groups exposed to 12 500 M. cerebralis myxospores for 15, 45, 90 and 135 d. Among 4 mixed lineage exposure groups, TAM production averaged 14 641 compared with 2 202 495 among 12 groups of Lineage III oligochaetes. Among the 6 unexposed Lineage III experimental groups seeded into original Phase 1 substrates for the 45, 90 and 135 d treatments during the Phase 2 portion of the study, TAM production was reduced by 98.9, 99.9 and 99.9%, respectively, compared with the average for the 15 d exposure groups. These results are congruent with the hypothesis that Lineage V and Lineage VI T. tubifex oligochaetes can deactivate and destroy M. cerebralis myxospores.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Source(s) Of Experimental Oligochaetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Accelerated deactivation of Myxobolus cerebralis myxospores by susceptible and non-susceptible Tubifex tubifex

Nehring¹,

Schisler²,

Chiaramonte³

et al. 2016

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Elimination of Myxobolus cerebralis in Placer Creek, a Native Cutthroat Trout Stream in Colorado

et al. 2018

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Placer Creek, a tributary of Sangre de Cristo Creek in Colorado's San Luis Valley, supported an allopatric core conservation population of native Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis during much of the 20th century. After the failure of gabion barriers in the late 1990s, Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis infected with Myxobolus cerebralis invaded from Sangre de Cristo Creek. By 2005, whirling disease (WD) and competition from Brook Trout reduced Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout numbers to less than 10% of the total trout population. New barriers were constructed in 2006 and the stream was treated with rotenone in 2007 and 2009 to eliminate all fish prior to the reintroduction of Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout. Results of WD research studies in Montana, California, and Colorado indicated it might be possible to break the life cycle of the parasite in some situations. Our management interventions included (1) reducing the fish population in the stream to zero for approximately 14 months, (2) introducing lineage V and VI Tubifex tubifex worms, which are not susceptible to M. cerebralis, and (3) eliminating a small off-channel pond that provided optimal habitat that sustained a localized high-density population of lineage III T. tubifex, the oligochaete host susceptible to M. cerebralis. Electrofishing during the fall of 2009 and spring of 2010 indicated the drainage was devoid of fish. Fry, juvenile, and adult Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout were stocked in September and October of 2010 and 2011. Approximately 975,000 lineage V and VI T. tubifex were introduced into Placer Creek between 2010 and 2012 as possible oligochaete competitors for the lineage III worms. The off-channel pond was filled in, and the surface was reseeded in April 2012. No evidence of M. cerebralis infection was detected among more than 280 Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout tested between July 2012 and July 2016, indicating the parasite had been eradicated from the Placer Creek basin upstream of the barriers.

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Survival of Whirling‐Disease‐Resistant Rainbow Trout Fry in the Wild: A Comparison of Two Strains

2018

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Introduced pathogens can affect fish populations, and three main factors affect disease occurrence: the environment, host, and pathogen. Manipulating at least one of these factors is necessary for controlling disease. Myxobolus cerebralis, the parasite responsible for salmonid whirling disease, became established in Colorado during the 1990s and caused significant declines in wild Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss populations. Attempts to re-establish Rainbow Trout have focused on manipulating salmonid host resistance. A Rainbow Trout strain known as GR × CRR was developed for stocking in Colorado by crossing a whirling-disease-resistant strain known as the German Rainbow Trout (GR) with the Colorado River Rainbow Trout (CRR). The GR × CRR fish exhibit resistance similar to that shown by GR, and survival and reproduction were expected to be similar to those of CRR. One disadvantage of stocking GR × CRR is that outcrossing and backcrossing could decrease resistance, and laboratory studies have indicated that this can occur. A potential disadvantage of stocking pure GR is lower survival due to domestication. To compare fry survival between the strains, a field experiment was conducted in 1.6-km reaches of nine Colorado streams. Each stream was stocked in August 2014 with 5,000 GR × CRR and 5,000 GR individuals. In October 2014, April 2015, and August 2015, apparent survival was assessed. Two laboratory predation experiments were also conducted. The field experiment revealed that short-term apparent survival was influenced by stream, and growth rate was influenced by strain and stream. However, after 12 months, there was no difference in apparent survival or growth rate between the GR and GR × CRR strains. Laboratory experiments showed that survival did not differ between the strains when confronted with Brown Trout Salmo trutta predation. Our results indicate that the GR strain is a viable option for stocking in streams where M. cerebralis is enzootic. Further evaluation is needed to determine whether GR fish will survive to maturity and reproduce.

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Reduced Myxobolus cerebralis Actinospore Production in a Colorado Reservoir May Be Linked to Changes in Tubifex tubifex Population Structure

Cited by 8 publications

References 37 publications

Accelerated deactivation of Myxobolus cerebralis myxospores by susceptible and non-susceptible Tubifex tubifex

Accelerated deactivation of Myxobolus cerebralis myxospores by susceptible and non-susceptible Tubifex tubifex

Elimination of Myxobolus cerebralis in Placer Creek, a Native Cutthroat Trout Stream in Colorado

Survival of Whirling‐Disease‐Resistant Rainbow Trout Fry in the Wild: A Comparison of Two Strains

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