Reduced Number of Adipose Lineage and Endothelial Cells in Epididymal fat in Response to Omega-3 PUFA in Mice Fed High-Fat Diet

Abstract

We found previously that white adipose tissue (WAT) hyperplasia in obese mice was limited by dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA). Here we aimed to characterize the underlying mechanism. C57BL/6N mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented or not with omega-3 PUFA for one week or eight weeks; mice fed a standard chow diet were also used. In epididymal WAT (eWAT), DNA content was quantified, immunohistochemical analysis was used to reveal the size of adipocytes and macrophage content, and lipidomic analysis and a gene expression screen were performed to assess inflammatory status. The stromal-vascular fraction of eWAT, which contained most of the eWAT cells, except for adipocytes, was characterized using flow cytometry. Omega-3 PUFA supplementation limited the high-fat diet-induced increase in eWAT weight, cell number (DNA content), inflammation, and adipocyte growth. eWAT hyperplasia was compromised due to the limited increase in the number of preadipocytes and a decrease in the number of endothelial cells. The number of leukocytes and macrophages was unaffected, but a shift in macrophage polarization towards a less inflammatory phenotype was observed. Our results document that the counteraction of eWAT hyperplasia by omega-3 PUFA in dietary-obese mice reflects an effect on the number of adipose lineage and endothelial cells.

DHA Modulates Immune Response and Mitochondrial Function of Atlantic Salmon Adipocytes after LPS Treatment

“…Our findings are also consistent with several in vitro studies in 3T3-L1 adipocytes showing that n-3 HUFAs reduce TAG accumulation during differentiation [32][33][34]. In addition, these effects have also been reported in mammalian in vivo studies, where high-fat diets containing n-3 HUFAs limited the hypertrophy of fat depots [35][36][37][38][39][40]. The enhanced amount of lipid droplets in the OA-treated adipocytes correlated well with the higher presence of FATP1 at both the protein and transcript level, indicating its involvement in FA uptake and TAG synthesis.…”

Fish oil reverses metabolic syndrome, adipocyte dysfunction, and altered adipokines secretion triggered by high‐fat diet‐induced obesity

“…It is known that ω-3 FA is able to reduce hypertrophy of adipocytes (Kopecky et al, 2009;de Sá et al, 2016) as well as the growth of adipose mass, which many authors justify it by an inhibition of adipocytes proliferation (Adamcova et al, 2018;Hensler et al, 2011;Masoodi, Kuda, Rossmeisl, Flachs, & Kopecky, 2014). Interestingly, we observed that the treatment with ω-3 partially reduced the WAT mass depot (17% in ING and 13% in RP) and when the size of the cells was measured, there was a total reversal of hypertrophy with a concomitant increase in hyperplasia in both depots (119% and 170% of increase in cell number for ING and RP, respectively).…”

Omega-3 Phospholipids from Krill Oil Enhance Intestinal Fatty Acid Oxidation More Effectively than Omega-3 Triacylglycerols in High-Fat Diet-Fed Obese Mice

“…To confirm the results of microarray analysis, RT-qPCR was performed as described [9]. Data were normalized to the level of villin expression.…”

“…In terms of the effect of dietary fatty acids (FA) on metabolism, supplementation with polyunsaturated FA of n-3 series (Omega-3) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), which are found in marine fish and fish oils, could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease [2]. Several studies in obese humans also demonstrated a reduction of adiposity after Omega-3 supplementation [3,4], while Omega-3 prevented the development of obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in rodents fed a high-fat diet [5][6][7][8][9]. Moreover, Omega-3 may reduce liver steatosis ( [5,10], and reviewed in [11]).…”

“…Beneficial effects of Omega-3 on metabolism mainly involve lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory mechanisms [12]. While the molecular targets of Omega-3 in liver [8], WAT [5,6,9] or muscle [7,13] have been intensively studied, the contribution of other organs to the overall metabolic effect of Omega-3 is still little characterized. Previous studies suggest that dietary interventions with Omega-3 supplemented in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG) may also affect intestinal metabolism [14,15].…”