2017
DOI: 10.1017/s0954102016000705
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Reduced perchlorate in West Antarctica snow during stratospheric ozone hole

Abstract: Snowpit samples collected at the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) Divide location in January 2013 were analysed to investigate the levels and variations of perchlorate concentrations in Antarctic snow. During 2008–12, the perchlorate concentration in WAIS Divide snow ranged between 6–180 ng l–1 and followed a seasonal cycle. The highest concentrations appeared in the autumn, and the lowest in winter and spring. No apparent correlation was observed between perchlorate and nitrate or chloride concentrations in sn… Show more

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Cited by 10 publications
(12 citation statements)
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“…However, measurements made in this Vostok snow pit show a low dust concentration level for the last 60 years (at approximately 10 ppb) and no direct link between the variability of 36 Cl and that of the dust with a very low regression coefficient ( r 2 = 0.03; J. R. Petit, personal communication (2019)) nor with Cl − concentration ( r 2 = 0.07), which prevents us from concluding that the immobile phase is related to the presence of dust. Na 36 Cl injected into the stratosphere is partially photolyzed to perchlorate (ClO 4 − ) and then deposited at Vostok. Perchlorate is chemically stable (Parker, ) and has been measured in the ice core records of WAIS (West Antarctic Ice Sheet) Divide in Antarctica (Crawford et al, ). It is naturally produced in the atmosphere (troposphere and stratosphere) due to the photolysis of chlorine species (Crawford et al, ; Dasgupta et al, ; Jackson et al, ; Peterson, Cole‐Dai, Brandis, & Manandhar, ; Peterson, Cole‐Dai, Brandis, Cox, & Splett, ; Sturchio et al, ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…However, measurements made in this Vostok snow pit show a low dust concentration level for the last 60 years (at approximately 10 ppb) and no direct link between the variability of 36 Cl and that of the dust with a very low regression coefficient ( r 2 = 0.03; J. R. Petit, personal communication (2019)) nor with Cl − concentration ( r 2 = 0.07), which prevents us from concluding that the immobile phase is related to the presence of dust. Na 36 Cl injected into the stratosphere is partially photolyzed to perchlorate (ClO 4 − ) and then deposited at Vostok. Perchlorate is chemically stable (Parker, ) and has been measured in the ice core records of WAIS (West Antarctic Ice Sheet) Divide in Antarctica (Crawford et al, ). It is naturally produced in the atmosphere (troposphere and stratosphere) due to the photolysis of chlorine species (Crawford et al, ; Dasgupta et al, ; Jackson et al, ; Peterson, Cole‐Dai, Brandis, & Manandhar, ; Peterson, Cole‐Dai, Brandis, Cox, & Splett, ; Sturchio et al, ).…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Considering that perchlorate is immobile in the snowpack after deposition, part of the immobile 36 ClO 4 − anthropogenic signal could be identified at Vostok. Nevertheless, perchlorate concentration measurements made at WAIS Divide show that the concentration level is at least 1,000 times lower than the chloride concentration (Crawford et al, ). This suggests that the 36 ClO 4 − fraction may be negligible compared to the Na 36 Cl/H 36 Cl anthropogenic fractions, and therefore not detectable at Vostok.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The minimum 𝐴𝐴 ClO4 − concentrations in precipitation at both locations appear in spring (Figure 1) when total column ozone (TCO, dominated by O 3 in the stratosphere) is at low level, resulting from significant depletion of stratospheric O 3 over Antarctica. The simultaneous appearance of the 𝐴𝐴 ClO4 − minimum and column ozone minimum was also found in snowpit samples collected at WAIS Divide (Crawford et al, 2017;Jiang et al, 2016). Jiang et al (2021) proposed that a significant amount of 𝐴𝐴 ClO4 − is produced via the reactions between reactive chlorine and O 3 when both are present in the stratosphere.…”
Section: Perchlorate Production In Spring and Summermentioning
confidence: 84%
“…Perchlorate and sulfate depositions peaked simultaneously at Summit Station (Greenland) during El Chicón (1982) and Pinatubo (1991) eruptions . Analyzing a West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide snow pit, Crawford et al found that penetration of UV radiation into the troposphere during the stratospheric ozone hole did not result in increased perchlorate concentrations, confirming the stratospheric perchlorate origin during this period and the directly proportional relationship between ozone and perchlorate observed in Devon snow pit . Jiang et al recently investigated the perchlorate in a South Pole firm core covering the 1920–2004 period and observed an increase in perchlorate after 1980, confirming the trend observed in the Arctic. , Perchlorate at the South Pole was strongly correlated with the equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC), which peaked in 1996–1997, although perchlorate had three separate maximums between 1990 and 2004, suggesting that other factors may have been involved.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 91%