Reduced soluble CD14 levels in amniotic fluid and breast milk are associated with the subsequent development of atopy, eczema, or both

Jones, C. H. W.; Holloway, Judith A.; Popplewell, Eleanor J; Diaper, Norma D.; Holloway, John W.; Vance, Gillian; Warner, Jill A.; Warner, John O.

doi:10.1067/mai.2002.123535

Cited by 141 publications

(137 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

126

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…43,44 Breast milk is thought to play an important role in the development of oral tolerance because there are a number of immunologic factors in breast milk, particularly transforming growth factor-b, which has an positive association with infant wheeze 31 ; interleukin-12, which promotes Th-1 cytokine mileau 32 ; and soluble CD14, whose levels in breast milk have been shown to be negatively associated with eczema at 6 months of age. 33 In the current study, it may be allergen-specific immunoglobulins in the mother's milk that are promoting tolerogenic mechanisms, and this theory is supported by the fact that there was no benefit of overlap seen with "any foods." It was not possible to determine if there was a similar association for other allergenic food because there were insufficient numbers of infants consuming these foods while still being breastfed.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…One of the perceived benefits of breastfeeding is the reduced risk of allergy due to the presence of a number of immunomodulatory factors in breast milk. [31][32][33] However, the evidence that breastfeeding prevents allergies is contradictory, with some reviews showing a benefit while others did not. [34][35][36][37][38] These findings may be due to variations in breast milk composition, differences in maternal diet, [39][40][41][42] differences in specific infant-feeding practices, or a lack of precision in the way infant feeding has been measured.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Introduction of Complementary Foods and the Relationship to Food Allergy

Grimshaw¹,

Maskell

Oliver³

et al. 2013

Pediatrics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT: Breast milk is protective against many conditions, but its role in allergy has not been established. Infant-feeding recommendations support exclusive breastfeeding for 26 weeks, whereas allergy prevention recommendations advise exclusive breastfeeding for 4 to 6 months with continued breastfeeding thereafter. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:Evidence that continued breastfeeding while solids are introduced into the diet and delaying the introduction of solids until at least 17 weeks of age are associated with fewer food allergies. abstract OBJECTIVES: To address questions regarding breastfeeding, complementary feeding, allergy development, and current infant-feeding recommendations.METHODS: This was a nested, case-control within a cohort study in which mothers of 41 infants diagnosed with food allergy by the age of 2 years (according to double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge) and their 82 age-matched controls kept prospective food diaries of how their infants were fed in the first year of life. RESULTS:Infants who were diagnosed with food allergy by the time they were 2 years of age were introduced to solids earlier (#16 weeks of age) and were less likely to be receiving breast milk when cow' s milk protein was first introduced into their diet. CONCLUSIONS:This study supports the current American Academy of Pediatrics' allergy prevention recommendations and the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition recommendations on complementary feeding to not introduce solids before 4 to 6 months of age. It also supports the American Academy of Pediatrics' breastfeeding recommendations that breastfeeding should continue while solids are introduced into the diet and that breastfeeding should continue for 1 year, or longer, as mutually desired by mother and infant.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction of Complementary Foods and the Relationship to Food Allergy

Grimshaw¹,

Maskell

Oliver³

et al. 2013

Pediatrics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Children having atopic symptoms and IgE sensitization at age 4 y had received colostrum with a significantly lower concentration of sCD14 than had those without symptoms and IgE sensitization, a difference present in groups with long breast-feeding and among those without family atopy, irrespective of length of breast-feeding. Jones and co-workers (27) found that infants with eczema had received at age 3 mo breast milk with lower sCD14 than did those without eczema and also showed lower amniotic fluid CD14 levels to be associated with later atopy. SCD14 is a co-receptor with a toll-like receptor 4 for lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative bacteria needed for CD14-negative cells, such as intestinal epithelial and dendritic cells to respond to these products (28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IgA Antibodies, TGF-β1 and -β2, and Soluble CD14 in the Colostrum and Development of Atopy by Age 4

et al. 2005

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Specific defense factors in breast milk together with length of breast-feeding and genetic predisposition may modulate the development of allergy. We studied whether IgA, soluble CD14 (sCD14), or transforming growth factor (TGF)-␤ in colostrum could affect the development of atopy in children up to age 4. From a cohort of 4676, we selected four groups of children with either long or short exclusive breast-feeding (Ͼ3.5 or Ͻ0.5 mo); these groups further differed in the presence or absence of atopic heredity. In colostrum from mothers, we measured total IgA, IgA antibodies to cow's milk (CM) and casein, sCD14, and TGF-␤1 and -␤2. The children were divided into three groups: those with no atopic symptoms or IgE, those with allergic symptoms, and those with both outcomes. Mothers of infants later showing atopic symptoms or, in addition, having IgE sensitization (verified atopy) had a lower concentration of IgA casein antibodies in their colostrum than did mothers of infants with no indication of atopy at age 4. Low concentration of IgA casein antibodies was a significant risk for verified atopy. sCD14 levels were lower in colostrum of mothers with infants developing atopic symptoms and IgE sensitization than of those of infants with no atopy. Specific IgA antibodies to CM antigens and sCD14 in colostrum significantly associated with the appearance of both symptomatic and verified atopy by age 4. Interaction between early infant feeding and subsequent development of allergies has been debated for decades (1-5). Human breast milk contains antibodies to antigens the mother has come into contact with, particularly against food antigens and enteral microbes (6 -10). These antibodies, together with a small amount of food antigens in the milk, may direct the immune response of the infant to develop tolerance or hypersensitivity to those antigens. Breast milk also contains a number of nonspecific anti-infectious substances such as iron-binding lactoferrin, bacteriocidic lysozyme, and the oligosaccharides inhibiting microbial attachment to epithelial cells. It therefore effectively reduces infections of the newborn infant and has an impact on infants' indigenous bacterial flora (8 -10). Human milk, furthermore, contains a number of cytokines (11-16) and other immunomodulatory (17) agents as well as living cells (18), which in the immature intestine of the newborn may modulate the development of local immune responses.We recently showed that the effect of breast-feeding on the appearance of allergic diseases at age 4 y depended on heredity: if the infant has the genetic component for allergy, long breast-feeding seems to protect against allergies; if the heredity is negative, long breast-feeding promotes emergence of allergies (5). Because of such interactions and the fact that maternal heredity has a stronger impact on the appearance of allergies than does paternal allergy (19), breast milk of mothers with allergy has been speculated to differ from that of nonallergic mothers and, in fact, some differences have emerged (20,2...

show abstract

“…28 In breast fed children, low levels of soluble CD14 in breast milk had been associated with an increased risk for AD and asthma. 29,30 These defects in the pattern recognition receptors, which are the first line of defense in the innate immune system reduce the ability of AD patients to recognize cutaneous microbial pathogens resulting in an increase in their incidence of bacterial and viral infections.…”

Section: The Innate Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Peptides, Skin Infections, and Atopic Dermatitis

Hata

Gallo²

2008

Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery

108

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The innate immune system evolved over 2 billion years ago to first recognize pathogens then eradicate them. Several distinct defects in this ancient but rapidly responsive element of human immune defense account for the increased incidence of skin infections in atopics. These defects include abnormalities in the physical barrier of the epidermis, alterations in microbial pattern recognition receptors such as toll receptors and NOD, and a diminished capacity to increase the expression of antimicrobial peptides during inflammation. Several antimicrobial peptides are affected including; cathelicidin, HBD-2, and HBD-3, which are lower in lesional skin of atopics compared to other inflammatory skin diseases, and dermcidin, which is decreased in sweat. Other defects in the immune defense barrier of atopics include a relative deficiency in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. In the future, understanding the cause of these defects may allow therapeutic intervention to reduce the incidence of infection in atopic individuals and potentially decrease the severity of this disorder.

show abstract

Reduced soluble CD14 levels in amniotic fluid and breast milk are associated with the subsequent development of atopy, eczema, or both

Cited by 141 publications

References 30 publications

Introduction of Complementary Foods and the Relationship to Food Allergy

Introduction of Complementary Foods and the Relationship to Food Allergy

IgA Antibodies, TGF-β1 and -β2, and Soluble CD14 in the Colostrum and Development of Atopy by Age 4

Antimicrobial Peptides, Skin Infections, and Atopic Dermatitis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About