Reducing Automatically Activated Racial Prejudice Through Implicit Evaluative Conditioning

Olson, Michael A.; Fázio, Russell H.

doi:10.1177/0146167205284004

Cited by 297 publications

(318 citation statements)

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“…Irrespectively, our findings have important implications for researchers who use EC procedures to reduce or alter (implicit) attitudes in applied settings (e.g., Olson & Fazio, 2006). Our work clearly demonstrates that the same training procedure can produce generalization effects along different stimulus dimensions, 35 depending on participants" attentional mindset.…”

supporting

confidence: 54%

Feature-Specific Attention Allocation Modulates the Generalization of Recently Acquired Likes and Dislikes

Spruyt

Klauer

Gast

et al. 2014

Experimental Psychology

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We examined whether the generalization of recently acquired likes and dislikes depends on feature-specific attention allocation. Likes and dislikes were established by means of an evaluative-conditioning procedure in which participants were presented with several exemplars of two subordinate categories (e.g., young men vs. old women). Whereas exemplars of one category were consistently paired with negative stimuli, exemplars of the second category were consistently paired with positive stimuli. In addition, we manipulated feature-specific attention allocation for specific stimulus dimensions (e.g., gender vs. age), either during (Experiments 1 and 2) or before the acquisition phase of the experiment (Experiment 3). Both direct and indirect attitude measures revealed a clear impact of this manipulation on attitude generalization. More specifically, only generalization stimuli that were similar to the CSs in terms of the stimulus dimension that was selectively attended to were evaluated in a manner that was congruent with the acquired liking of those CSs.

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supporting

confidence: 54%

Feature-Specific Attention Allocation Modulates the Generalization of Recently Acquired Likes and Dislikes

Spruyt

Klauer

Gast

et al. 2014

Experimental Psychology

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“…Indeed, significant progress has been made in the goal of identifying the processes underlying malleability and change in implicit evaluations (Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001;Mitchell, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003;Olson & Fazio, 2006;Rudman, Ashmore, & Gary, 2001; for reviews, see Blair, 2002;Dasgupta, 2009;Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006; Lai, Hoffman, & Nosek., 2013;.…”

Section: Authors' Notementioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions.

Lai¹,

Marini

Lehr

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

531

482

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Many methods for reducing implicit prejudice have been identified, but little is known about their relative effectiveness. We held a research contest to experimentally compare interventions for reducing the expression of implicit racial prejudice. Teams submitted seventeen interventions that were tested an average of 3.70 times each in four studies (total N = 17,021), with rules for revising interventions between studies. Eight of seventeen interventions were effective at reducing implicit preferences for Whites compared to Blacks, particularly ones that provided experience with counterstereotypical exemplars, used evaluative conditioning methods, and provided strategies to override biases. The other nine interventions were ineffective, particularly ones that engaged participants with others' perspectives, asked participants to consider egalitarian values, or induced a positive emotion. The most potent interventions were ones that invoked high self-involvement or linked Black people with positivity and White people with negativity. No intervention consistently reduced explicit racial preferences. Furthermore, intervention effectiveness only weakly extended to implicit preferences for Asians and Hispanics. Abstract = 160 words Keywords = attitudes, racial prejudice, implicit social cognition, malleability, Implicit Association Test September 9, 2016 update: We updated this manuscript to fix several minor reporting errors that we have learned about since the publication of the manuscript in August 2014. For a summary of these updates, please see pages 67 and 68. Authors' note:This project was supported by a gift from Project Implicit. Lai and Hawkins are consultants and Nosek is an officer of Project Implicit, Inc., a non-profit organization that includes in its mission "To develop and deliver methods for investigating and applying phenomena of implicit social cognition, including especially phenomena of implicit bias based on age, race, gender or other factors. Thoughts and feelings outside of conscious awareness shape social perception, judgment and action (Bargh, 1999;Devine, 1989;Greenwald & Banaji, 1995). Nowhere has this idea been more explored than in studies of racial prejudice in which people report egalitarian racial attitudes, but also implicitly prefer Whites compared to Blacks (Devine, 1989;Dovidio, Kawakami, Johnson, Johnson, & Howard, 1997;Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995;. These studies have been influential because implicit racial preferences predict behaviors such as negative interracial contact (McConnell & Leibold, 2001), biases in medical decision-making (Green et al., 2007), and hiring discrimination (Rooth, 2010).From the hundreds of studies conducted, we can conclude that implicit preferences (1) are related to, but distinct from, explicit preferences (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995;, (2) are constructed through different mechanisms than explicit preferences (De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, & Moors, 2009;Ranganath & Nosek, 2008;Ratliff & Nosek, 2011;Rydell & McConnell, 2006), ...

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“…As implicit and explicit attitudes are influenced by different processes (Gawronski & Strack, 2004, Olson & Fazio, 2006, asymmetric attitude changes may occur, which in turn can lead to discrepancies between implicit and explicit attitudes (Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006;Rydell, McConnell, Strain, Claypool, & Hugenberg, 2006). It can therefore be expected that this might be true for implicit and explicit self-esteem, too.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing explicit and implicit attitudes: The case of self-esteem

Grumm

Nestler

Collani

2009

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

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Three experiments investigated predictions concerning asymmetrical patterns of implicit and explicit self-esteem change. Specifically, we investigated the influence of knowledge about the own self that is momentarily salient as well as the influence of affective valence associated with the self in memory on implicit and explicit self-esteem. The latter was induced by evaluative conditioning, the former by directed thinking about oneself. We found that while evaluative conditioning changed implicit but not explicit self-esteem (Experiment 1), thinking about the own self altered explicit but not implicit self-esteem (Experiment 2).Moreover, in a third experiment, it could be shown that the effect of evaluative conditioning can spill over to the explicit level when participants are asked to focus on their feelings prior to making their self-report judgements (Experiment 3). Implications of our results are discussed in terms of recent controversies regarding dual process models of attitudes and associative versus propositional modes of information processing.Keywords: self-esteem, implicit measures, explicit measures, directed thinking, evaluative conditioning, dual process models ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTChanging Explicit and Implicit Attitudes 3Changing Explicit and Implicit Attitudes:The Case of Self-EsteemThe understanding of the self is probably one of the oldest and most doggedly investigated problems in psychology. Based on the analysis of William James (1890) social psychologists have accumulated a number of empirical findings which added to our fundamental understanding of its structure and functioning (for an overview see Baumeister, 1998). A broad strand of research investigated the effects and benefits of self-esteem, that is, the global evaluation of the own self and the association of the own person with positive or negative attributes (Baumeister, 1998;von Collani & Herzberg, 2003) and the consequences it might have for a multitude of behavioural domains in life. High self-esteem is typically viewed as an indicator of psychological health and the popular media bombard people with the message that high self-esteem reflects optimal functioning and that it is a necessary precursor to productivity and happiness (Baumeister, 1998), but on the other hand it still remains unclear whether there are any causal relationships between self-esteem and psychological well-being (Baumeister, Campbell, Krüger, & Vohs, 2003). Nonetheless, many studies focused on possibilities to enhance the self-esteem level of individuals via different methods (success/failure feedback: Ybarra, 1999; mood induction: Brown & Mankowski, 1993; directed thinking tasks: McGuire & McGuire, 1996; social comparisons: Stapel & Blanton, 2004, etc.).Although the understanding of the self and self-esteem in particular has witnessed important progress in the last decades (Baumeister, 1998), social psychology theorizing about the self experienced a shift in recent years. Drawing on the distinction between explicit and implicit attitudes (Wils...

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Reducing Automatically Activated Racial Prejudice Through Implicit Evaluative Conditioning

Cited by 297 publications

References 49 publications

Feature-Specific Attention Allocation Modulates the Generalization of Recently Acquired Likes and Dislikes

Feature-Specific Attention Allocation Modulates the Generalization of Recently Acquired Likes and Dislikes

Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions.

Changing explicit and implicit attitudes: The case of self-esteem

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