Reducing Dangerous Effects of Unsymmetrical Dimethylhydrazine as a Liquid Propellant by Addition of Hydroxyethylhydrazine—Part I: Physical Properties

Abstract

In this work, the effect of low volatile hydroxyethylhydrazine (HEH) as a solute on unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) has been studied in order to reduce harmful effects of UDMH vapors. Desirable physical properties of binary mixtures UDMH=HEH have been measured and compared to pure UDMH. These properties include boiling point, viscosity, density, and vapor pressure that are important for using binary mixtures of UDMH=HEH as less dangerous liquid propellants. Due to the formation of strong hydrogen bonding between UDMH and HEH, the volatility of UDMH has been reduced appreciably upon the addition of HEH. It is indicated that the measured physical properties may deviate significantly compared to 46 corresponding predicted values. Binary mixtures of UDMH=HEH can also react spontaneously in contact with nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) and red fuming nitric acid (RFNA), so they can be called hypergolic propellants.

Histopathological evaluation of lesions induced by dimethyl hydrazine in male rats

“…Heart sections in rat treated with 10 and 20 mg/kg DMH shows edema, Zenker's necrosis, discontinuation of muscle fibers with foci of infiltration of inflammatory cells and hemorrhage but more sever lesions in dose 20 mg/kg some studies indicated that there are a vasoconstriction occur in the coronary vessels of heart after Acute exposure to DMH (20), heart lesions occurs because of toxic effect of DMH and free radicle that release whereas DMH needs bio activations to induce its mutagenic effects and induce its hepatotoxic effects so its activated metabolically in liver by several steps of reactions to carcinogenic and toxic metabolite through intermediates methylazoxymethanol and azoxymethane and these metabolite affect cardiac muscles and cause cardiomyopathies (18,36,37).because of DMH is a potent colonic and hepatic carcinogen many tumors that occur in colon cause release of H2O2 which is under go detoxification in liver and distributed in all tissues by circulation including heart and many generations of H2O2 are produced from this tumors thus induce cardiomyopathies and continuous injury to rat tissues (38,39). Kidneys sections in rats treated with10 and 20 mg/kg DMH for 8 weeks reveals vacuolar degeneration of epithelial lining renal tubules with cloudy swelling and hyaline casts in some lumen of renal tubules because of application of hydrazine derivates is nephrotoxic and leads to an impairment in renal tubules, decreasing glomerular filtration rate and function (11,40,41), a numbers of animals studies on hydrazine and it derivatives are hypothesized that toxicity is exerted by interfering in urea cycle this occurred by increased levels Nα-acetyl citrulline and arginosuccinate (42)(43)(44)(45).…”

Insights into the Reaction Kinetics of Hydrazine-Based Fuels: A Comprehensive Review of Theoretical and Experimental Methods

“…The burning process of the gel droplet was divided into four stages: heating and swelling; bubble nucleation; volume expansion; and microexplosions. Keshavarz et al [108] discussed the occupational health risks associated with UDMH, a hydrazine derivative commonly used as a hypergolic propellant. Due to its high vapor pressure, inhalation is the most likely exposure route.…”

Continuous flow synthesis of β-hydroxyethyl hydrazine in microreactors: process behavior and impurity formation mechanism

“…For example, the stability and activity of furazolidone as well as the explosive performance of liquid propellant hydroxyethylhydrazine nitrate (HEHN) were heavily sensitive to the purity of raw material HEH. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Consequently, further investigations into the conventional HEH synthesis process are practical and meaningful, with particular emphasis on process enhancement and impurity control.…”