Reducing free formaldehyde emission, improvement of thickness swelling and increasing storage stability of novel medium density fiberboard by urea-formaldehyde adhesive modified by phenol derivatives

Properties of Bark Particleboard Bonded with Demethylated Lignin Adhesives Derived from <i>Leucaena leucocephala</i> Bark

“…UF-bonded boards generally exhibit lower moisture content, ranging from 3% to 7% [58], compared to lignin adhesive-based boards, resulting in improved dimensional stability [59]. UF adhesives provide excellent bonding strength, leading to high-quality particleboard [60]. However, UF adhesives can emit formaldehyde, posing potential health risks, and are derived from non-renewable resources, making them less environmentally friendly.…”

“…The higher density can be attributed to the inherent properties of lignin, which might not provide the same level of adhesive strength as UF. As a result, there could be a slightly lower presence of voids within the board [60]. The specific density values of particleboards bonded with UF and lignin adhesives can vary depending on factors such as particle size and distribution, pressing conditions, and the proportion of bark particles in the formulation [84].…”

“…When reducing the particle sizes of bark particleboard adhesives, specifically lignin, the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) can be affected. The MOE may decrease due to factors such as reduced mechanical interlocking, increased void spaces, and inadequate penetration [60]. The reduction in lignin particle sizes can also impact the MOR by weakening bonding, increasing water absorption, and making it more vulnerable to defects [102,103].…”

Health damage and repair mechanism related to formaldehyde released from wood-based panels

“…The long-term problem of formaldehyde emission can be effectively improved through improving hot pressing technology, modification of adhesives, and developments in wood-based panel postprocessing technology (Basta et al 2006;Mo et al 2022). The use of nanotechnology materials, reduction of formaldehyde-urea molar ratio, and usage of formaldehyde scavengers can reduce free formaldehyde emissions (Costa et al 2013;Gangi et al 2013;Moubarik et al 2013;Pizzi et al 2020;Antov et al 2021a,b,c;Bekhta et al 2021a,b;Selakjani et al 2021;Dorieh et al 2022a;Dorieh et al 2022b;Kristak et al 2022;Kristak et al 2022). Post-treatment techniques such as veneer and edging can also effectively reduce the formaldehyde emissions rate (Roffael 2011;Costa et al 2013;Bekhta et al 2018).…”

Novel Biodegradable Poly (Lactic Acid)/Wood Leachate Composites: Investigation of Antibacterial, Mechanical, Morphological, and Thermal Properties

“…In recent years, the enhanced environmental awareness, the increased need for sustainable and “green” materials, as well as the stringent legislative regulations related to waste management and cascading use of natural resources have forced many researchers to develop novel biodegradable polymers as a viable alternative to conventional polymers [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Despite the numerous advantages of biocomposites such as the potential to create a sustainable industry as well as enhancement in various properties such as durability, flexibility, high gloss, clarity, and tensile strength, there are certain drawbacks, such as deteriorated physical and mechanical properties, poor interface adhesion, brittleness, lower thermal resistance and water absorption, susceptibility to fungi and insect attacks, etc., limiting their wider application as functional materials [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) is one of the most suitable biodegradable polymers widely employed in many applications ranging from the biomedical field, e.g., in engineered drug delivery systems [ 10 , 11 ], tissue engineering (scaffolds) [ 12 , 13 ], and wound dressing [ 14 , 15 ] to food packaging and disposable plastic bags [ 16 , 17 , 18 ] due to its versatility, excellent processability, and biocompatibility.…”