Reducing impacts from ammunitions: A comparative life-cycle assessment of four types of 9 mm ammunitions

Ferreira, Carlos; Ribeiro, J.; Almada, Sara; Rotariu, Traian; Freire, Fausto

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.005

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In addition, LCA can also be used to compare productsw ith the same function from an environmental and toxicological perspective. The applicationo fL CA to such objectives in the field of ammunitionsw as described in Ferreira et al [26] and the main findings of that studya re presented in this section. In that paperanecodesign study for small calibre ammunition whose objective was to identifyt he potential benefits from lead removal for small calibre ammunitionsw as presented.…”

Section: Comparisono Fproduction and Use Of Similar Ammunition Productsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The Life-Cycle Inventory was built basedo ni dD operations, whichi s the company in Portugal that is responsible for the demili- Figure 4. Contribution to the total life-cycle impact associated with the ammunition components and energy requirement for production phase and associated with the emissions from firing for the use phase (adapted from [26]). Figure 5.…”

Section: Comparisono Ftwo Techniques Of Ammunition Disposal: Open Detmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Assessment of Ammunition: the Importance of a Life‐Cycle Approach

Ferreira

Ribeiro

Almada

et al. 2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Environmental research related with military actions has been focused on the monitoring of contaminants from live‐fire training and munitions disposal. It is important to take a further step and use this information to assess the environmental impacts of this contamination. In addition, it is relevant to assess the consequences of using different alternatives in a life‐cycle perspective to avoid unexpected problems, and assess the hotspots of ammunition manufacturing in order to decrease the impacts in terms of other types of environmental burdens. The Life‐Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology can be employed to quantitatively assess the environmental impacts associated with munitions. LCA can assist the decision makers in answering some questions: are “green“ ammunitions presenting lower environmental impacts than standard ones? What should be done to improve the performance of ammunitions from an environmental point of view? The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of assessing the impacts of ammunitions in a life‐cycle perspective and highlight the main environmental concerns. Three applications of LCA are presented: the production and use of generic large calibre ammunition; the comparison of the production and use of four types of small calibre ammunitions; the assessment of two technologies for ammunition disposal. The conclusions drawn can aid in providing tailored and supported decisions in order to decrease the impacts of ammunitions in a life‐cycle perspective

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Section: Comparisono Fproduction and Use Of Similar Ammunition Productsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Comparisono Ftwo Techniques Of Ammunition Disposal: Open Detmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Assessment of Ammunition: the Importance of a Life‐Cycle Approach

Ferreira

Ribeiro

Almada

et al. 2016

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

Self Cite

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“…Materials as well as energy and water requirements for the bullets fabrication were taken from Ferreira et al (2016), who applied the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to different 9-mm ammunition projectiles, used as a reference for all the quantities of energy and materials involved in the fabrication of the bullet at issue since they are actually totally comparable from the points of view of both the production process and the materials used. Data on the machinery and man-hours work necessary for bullets production line were taken from commercial American companies ( Caina-Longbranch, 2016), whereas the salaries for the involved personnel were calculated taking the average values for each job as reported by PayScale site ( PayScale, 2017).…”

Section: The Analysis Of the Bulletmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second step of analysis for sustainability assessment, in the perspective of preserving the capacity of future generations to meet their own needs, will require that reconstruction and restoring of the territory are taken into account as an actual cost (see for example: http://legaciesofwar.org/about-laos/secret-war-laos/). A calculation of the environmental impact of the use of small-arms projectiles in warfare has been recently addressed by Ferreira et al (2016)in terms of environmental and toxicological impact of the substances involved in a gunshot, aimed at contributing to the "green ammunition" technological development.…”

Section: Environmental Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Head to Head: An Emergy Analysis of a War Rifle Bullet

Gonella

Elia²,

Cristiano

et al. 2017

Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy

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Emergy (spelled with an “m”) analysis is a method for environmental and systemic accounting in terms of sustainability and quality of resources used for a product, service or process. In this paper, it is applied to the assault rifles projectiles used in war battlefields. The specific emergy is evaluated in terms of sej/bullet, pointing out the upstream investment made by both the environment and the human society to produce the bullet in its operating war conditions. Comparison is made with alternative uses of the same resources when addressed to the support of development and wellbeing

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“…The importance of finding quantitative, reliable and inexpensive methods to comparatively asses the ignition capacity of primers is more important nowadays, in the context of greener munitions development [8][9][10]. New designed green primers, such as lead-free primers with emerging greener explosives [11,12], are supposed to replace consecrated toxic primers based on lead styphnate, barium nitrate and antimony sulphide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Quantitative Method of Comparative Assessment of Primers Ignition Performances

Goga

Țigănescu

Pulpea

et al. 2017

AiMT

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The ignition performances of percussion primers for small calibre ammunition are determined using a new experimental setup, with pressure transducers and special designed combustion chambers. The method enables a comparison of new designed primers with consecrated models by relative ignition capacity. Results show that ballistic performances of primers are in direct relationship with the gradient pressure vs. rise time and also with the maximum pressure developed inside the cartridge chamber.

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Reducing impacts from ammunitions: A comparative life-cycle assessment of four types of 9 mm ammunitions

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Environmental Assessment of Ammunition: the Importance of a Life‐Cycle Approach

Environmental Assessment of Ammunition: the Importance of a Life‐Cycle Approach

From Head to Head: An Emergy Analysis of a War Rifle Bullet

A Quantitative Method of Comparative Assessment of Primers Ignition Performances

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