Reducing Liver Cancer--Global Control of Aflatoxin

Henry, Sara; Bosch, F. Xavier; Troxell, Terry C.; Bolger, P. Michael

doi:10.1126/science.286.5449.2453

Cited by 210 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…There are several risk factors for liver cancer, including exposure to hepatitis B, with 76% of all cases of liver cancer being found in Asia. A joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations͞ World Health Organization expert committee concluded that, given a limited public health budget, a more substantial reduction in liver cancer would be achieved by vaccination against HBV (no vaccine for hepatitis C virus is yet available) and reduction in the prevalence of carriers (25). A significant decline in the incidence of liver cancer has occurred among cohorts of HBsAg-vaccinated newborns and children in Taiwan (26).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity in humans of an edible vaccine for hepatitis B

Thanavala

Mahoney

Pal

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

264

170

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity in humans of an edible vaccine for hepatitis B

Thanavala

Mahoney

Pal

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

264

170

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“…In other regions where aflatoxin levels in food are low or undetectable low p53 mutation rates are observed (o4% of HCCs) and no specific gene mutation pattern can been detected (Ozturk, 1999). Importantly, dietary AFB1 exposure and co-existing HBV infection appear to act synergistically and are associated with even higher rates of HCC development (Henry et al, 1999;Sun et al, 1999;Ming et al, 2002). Polymorphisms of enzymes involved in the biotransformation of environmental toxins such as AFB1, benz[a]pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may contribute a genetic susceptibility to the development of HCC .…”

Section: Molecular Pathways In Human Hepatocarcinogenesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Viral hepatitis and liver cancer: the case of hepatitis C

2006

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Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. The pathogenesis of HCC in HCV infection has extensively been analysed. Hepatitis C virus-induced chronic inflammation and the effects of cytokines in the development of fibrosis and liver cell proliferation are considered as one of the major pathogenic mechanisms. Increasing experimental evidence suggests that HCV contributes to HCC by directly modulating pathways that promote the malignant transformation of hepatocytes. Hepatitis C virus is an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genome but HCV proteins interact with many host-cell factors well beyond their roles in the viral life cycle and are involved in a wide range of activities, including cell signaling, transcription, cell proliferation, apoptosis, membrane rearrangements, vesicular trafficking and translational regulation. At least four of the HCV gene products, namely HCV core, NS3, NS4B and NS5A, have been shown to exhibit transformation potential in tissue culture and several potentially oncogenic pathways have been shown to be altered by the expression of HCV proteins. Both HCV core and NS5A induce the accumulation of wild-type b-catenin and the Wnt-b-catenin pathway emerges as a common target for HCV (and HBV) in human HCCs, also independently from axin/b-catenin gene mutations. Induction of both endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress by HCV proteins might also contribute to HCV transformation. Most of the putative transforming functions of the HCV proteins have been defined in artificial cellular systems, which may not be applicable to HCV infection in vivo, and still need to be established in relevant infection and disease models.

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“…75 Aflatoxin may play a causative role in 4.6-28.2% of all global HCC cases. 79 Henry et al 1999 80 & IPCS/WHO 1998 81 reported that chronic HBV prevalence based on HBsAg seroprevalence is 2.4-4.7 in India. IPCS/WHO 81 undertook an aflatoxin-HCC risk assessment in 1998 to estimate the impact on population cancer incidence by moving from a hypothetical total aflatoxin standard of 20 ng/g to 10 ng/g.…”

Section: Role Of Aflatoxin B Causes Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Indiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in India

Kar

2014

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an important cause of death all over the world, more so in Asia and Africa. The representative data on epidemiology of HCC in India is very scanty and cancer is not a reportable disease in India and the cancer registries in India are mostly urban. 45 million people who are suffering from chronic Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and approximately 15 million people who are afflicted with chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in India. HBV and HCV infection is considered an important etiologic factor in HCC. Positive association between HCC and consumption of alcohol where alcohol contribute as a cofactor for hepatotoxins and hepatitis viruses. Aflatoxin contamination in the diets, Hepatitis B virus infection and liver cirrhosis in Andhra Pradesh, India and direct chronic exposure to aflatoxins was shown to cause liver cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of liver of any cause lead to develop about 70%-90% of HCC. Aflatoxin interact synergistically with Hepatitis B virus (HBV)/Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection which increase the risk of HCC. HBV infection, HBV infection with Aflatoxin exposure, viral infection and alcohol consumption leading to overt cirrhosis of the liver, alcohol consumption leading to cirrhosis of the liver with viral infection are the predominant risk factor for the development of HCC. HCV and alcohol are also associated with HCC in India. Indians develop diabetes at younger age, Asians have strong genetic susceptibility for type II diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is identified as a risk factor for HCC. Prevention of viral infection by universal vaccination against hepatitis virus, HCC surveillance program, preventing alcoholic liver diseases, fungal contamination of grains and ground crops to prevent basically Aflatoxin exposure are important measures to prevent liver diseases and HCC among those at risk. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2014;4:S34-S42)

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Reducing Liver Cancer--Global Control of Aflatoxin

Cited by 210 publications

References 9 publications

Immunogenicity in humans of an edible vaccine for hepatitis B

Immunogenicity in humans of an edible vaccine for hepatitis B

Viral hepatitis and liver cancer: the case of hepatitis C

Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in India

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