Reducing Risk and Monitoring Water Injection Using Time-Lapse (4D) Seismic at the Ekofisk Field

Byerley, Grant; Roervik, Kjell Oddvar; Pedersen, Jesper; Ranaweera, K.K.P.P.

doi:10.3997/2214-4609.201402390

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Indeed, it is interesting that in some cases time‐shifts still realize value whilst amplitudes cannot (Byerly et al . ) albeit at a lower spatial wavelength. Overburden measurements have value in understanding drilling risk, whilst reservoir measurements clearly identify produced or injected regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Paper: Post‐stack 4D seismic time‐shifts: Interpretation and evaluation

MacBeth

Mangriotis

Amini

2018

Geophysical Prospecting

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A review and analysis of post‐stack time‐lapse time‐shifts has been carried out that covers published literature supplemented by in‐house datasets available to the authors. Time‐shift data are classified into those originating from geomechanical effects and those due to fluid saturation changes. From these data, conclusions are drawn regarding the effectiveness of post‐stack time‐shifts for overburden and reservoir monitoring purposes. A variety of field examples are shown that display the range and magnitude of variation for each class of application. The underlying physical mechanisms creating these time‐shifts are then described, and linked to a series of generic and field‐specific rock physics calculations that predict their magnitudes. These calculations serve as a guide for practitioners wishing to utilize this information on their own datasets. Conclusions are drawn regarding the reliability of this attribute for monitoring purposes, and the extent to which further development is required and how it should be reported by authors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Paper: Post‐stack 4D seismic time‐shifts: Interpretation and evaluation

MacBeth

Mangriotis

Amini

2018

Geophysical Prospecting

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“…Despite the varied nature of the noise and distortion, time shifts can be successfully measured for repeat time periods of a few months to tens of years (MacBeth et al ., 2019). We conclude that in some projects, time shifts may be easier to interpret than amplitudes and represent the more robust dynamic reservoir attribute (Byerley et al ., 2006; Fehmers et al ., 2007; Brain 2017). The list of potential benefits of time shifts to reservoir management is growing, with many excellent examples in clastic, chalk, hard rock carbonate, deep high‐pressure high‐temperature (HPHT) gas condensates, heavy oil reservoirs and even fields with thick stacked sequences of thin flow units (Tatanova 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review Paper: Methods of measurement for 4D seismic post‐stack time shifts

MacBeth

Amini

Izadian

2020

Geophysical Prospecting

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The estimation of time-lapse time shifts between two, or several, repeated seismic surveys has become increasingly popular over the past eighteen years. These time shifts are a reliable and informative seismic attribute that can relate to reservoir production. Correction for these time shifts or the underlying velocity perturbations and/or subsurface displacement in an imaging sense also permits accurate evaluation of time-lapse amplitudes by attempting to decouple the kinematic component. To date, there are approximately thirty methods for time-shift estimation described in the literature. We can group these methods into three main families of mathematical development, together with several miscellaneous techniques. Here we detail the underlying bases for these methods, and the acknowledged benefits and weaknesses of each class of method highlighted. We illustrate this review with a number of time-lapse seismic examples from producing fields. No method is necessarily superior to the others, as its selection depends on ease of implementation, noise characteristics of the field data, and whether the inherent assumptions suit the case in question. However, cross-correlation stands out as the algorithm of choice based on the Pareto principle and waveform inversion the algorithm delivering best resolution. This is a companion study to the previous review of time-shift magnitudes and a discussion of their rock physics basis.

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Reducing Risk and Monitoring Water Injection Using Time-Lapse (4D) Seismic at the Ekofisk Field

Cited by 2 publications

References 0 publications

Review Paper: Post‐stack 4D seismic time‐shifts: Interpretation and evaluation

Review Paper: Post‐stack 4D seismic time‐shifts: Interpretation and evaluation

Review Paper: Methods of measurement for 4D seismic post‐stack time shifts

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