Reducing the amount of coalescing aid in high performance waterborne polymeric coatings

Dron, Sebastian M.; Bohórquez, Silfredo J.; Mestach, Dirk; Paulis, Marı́a

doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111175

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Furthermore, the water sensitivity of the final film can be compromised by the presence of the hydrophilic groups. Recently, the use of oligomers produced in situ by the addition of a chain transfer agent at the end of the main polymerization has been described as a scalable method to reduce the MFFT of hard latexes, without significantly affecting the mechanical properties of the final films . IR-assisted sintering of latexes containing hard latexes may also be a useful approach to produce hard films at lower energy consumptions than conventional ovens. , …”

Section: Fundamental Challenges In the Production Of Emulsion Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the use of oligomers produced in situ by the addition of a chain transfer agent at the end of the main polymerization has been described as a scalable method to reduce the MFFT of hard latexes, without significantly affecting the mechanical properties of the final films. 124 IR-assisted sintering of latexes containing hard latexes may also be a useful approach to produce hard films at lower energy consumptions than conventional ovens. 125,126 Another potential way to reduce the MFFT is to use a low T g film forming polymer in combination with a high T g polymer phase, either in separate particles (in latex blends) or in multiphase particles.…”

Section: Monitoring and Control Of Emulsionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Polymer Colloids: Current Challenges, Emerging Applications, and New Developments

et al. 2023

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Polymer colloids are complex materials that have the potential to be used in a vast array of applications. One of the main reasons for their continued growth in commercial use is the water-based emulsion polymerization process through which they are generally synthesized. This technique is not only highly efficient from an industrial point of view but also extremely versatile and permits the large-scale production of colloidal particles with controllable properties. In this perspective, we seek to highlight the central challenges in the synthesis and use of polymer colloids, with respect to both existing and emerging applications. We first address the challenges in the current production and application of polymer colloids, with a particular focus on the transition toward sustainable feedstocks and reduced environmental impact in their primary commercial applications. Later, we highlight the features that allow novel polymer colloids to be designed and applied in emerging application areas. Finally, we present recent approaches that have used the unique colloidal nature in unconventional processing techniques.

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Section: Fundamental Challenges In the Production Of Emulsion Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Monitoring and Control Of Emulsionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Colloids: Current Challenges, Emerging Applications, and New Developments

et al. 2023

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“…16 Paulis et al demonstrated the use of oligomers to facilitate plasticization during film formation without significantly altering the final properties of films. 37 Our research group has developed a latex blend with twocomponent nanoparticles that exhibit reversible morphology changes in water based on pH levels. These nanoparticles, consisting of a high-M acrylate copolymer and an acid-rich oligomer, showed miscibility in acidic conditions and phase separation when neutralized.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Film Formation and Molecular Mixing in Acrylic Latex Blends with an Acid-Rich Oligomer

Liu,

Wong,

Halimi

et al. 2024

Macromolecules

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The coating industry has been interested in incorporating water-soluble polymers into latex formulations to promote coalescence and enhance the mechanical properties of the coating without using any volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study, we investigate the effects of blending an acid-rich oligomer (ARO1), which contains sufficient −COOH groups to dissolve in water upon full neutralization with ammonia, into latex dispersions. We carried out fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements to examine the polymer diffusion and molecular mixing of ARO1–latex dispersions and the resulting films. The results show that ARO1 and latex polymers are partially miscible but not completely mixed in the film, suggesting that differences in the physicochemical properties of the two components influence their compatibility and interdiffusion behavior. ARO1 acts as a retardant to coalescence in the films, reducing polymer diffusion rates and thereby affecting film formation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) mechanical mapping and confocal microscopy further elucidate the complex interplay between blend composition and film structure, demonstrating that ARO1 enhances the mechanical properties at the film surface and promotes macroscopic phase separation at higher concentrations. Our findings show that ARO1 significantly impacts the structural arrangement within these films, forming interstitial membranes between latex nanoparticle cells or phase-separated domains. These insights improve our understanding of the role of ARO1 in modulating latex membrane microstructure and properties, paving the way for the rational design of colloidal films for diverse applications.

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“…Various methods based on T g heterogeneity, such as oligomer integration, the use of hard/soft latex blends, and the introduction of core–shell latexes, have been developed to simultaneously achieve low VOC emissions, high hardness, and low minimum film formation temperature (MFFT) [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. The introduction of an oligomeric plasticizer that was prepared in situ using a chain transfer agent helped decrease the MFFT of the acrylic latex and VOC emissions by less than half [ 8 ]. In the case of hard/soft latex blends, the hard phase enhances the film hardness, and the soft phase promotes film formation [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Grafting Degree on the Formation of Waterborne Polyurethane-Acrylate Film with Hard Core–Soft Shell Structure

Kwon,

Moon,

Kim

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Waterborne polyurethane-acrylate (WPUA) grafted with polyurethane was prepared to improve the film-forming ability of hard-type acrylic latex. To balance the film-formation ability and hardness, the WPUA latex was designed with a hard core (polyacrylate) and soft shell (polyurethane). The grafting ratio was controlled through varying the content of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) used to cap the ends of the polyurethane prepolymer. The morphologies of the latex particles, film surface, and fracture surface of the film were characterized through transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. An increase in the grafting ratio resulted in the enhanced miscibility of polyurethane and polyacrylate but reduced adhesion between particles and increased minimum film formation temperature. In addition, grafting was essential to obtain transparent WPUA films. Excessive grafting induced defects such as micropores within the film, leading to the decreased hardness and adhesive strength of the film. The optimal HEMA content for the preparation of a WPUA coating with excellent film-forming ability and high hardness in ambient conditions was noted to be 50%. The final WPUA film was prepared without coalescence agents that generate volatile organic compounds.

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Reducing the amount of coalescing aid in high performance waterborne polymeric coatings

Cited by 7 publications

References 37 publications

Polymer Colloids: Current Challenges, Emerging Applications, and New Developments

Polymer Colloids: Current Challenges, Emerging Applications, and New Developments

Film Formation and Molecular Mixing in Acrylic Latex Blends with an Acid-Rich Oligomer

Effects of Grafting Degree on the Formation of Waterborne Polyurethane-Acrylate Film with Hard Core–Soft Shell Structure

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