Reducing the health effects of hot weather and heat extremes: from personal cooling strategies to green cities

Jay, Ollie; Capon, Anthony; Berry, Peter; Broderick, Carolyn; Dear, Richard de; Havenith, George; Honda, Yasuhiro; Kovats, Sari; Ma, Wei; Malik, Arunima; Morris, Nathan B.; Nybo, Lars; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Vanos, Jennifer; Ebi, Kristie L.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01209-5

Cited by 340 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 121 publications

(118 reference statements)

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“…The adverse health impacts of extreme heat are thought to be largely preventable through any combination of reduced exposure, reduced susceptibility, or improved adaptive capacity. For example, existing heat early warning and response systems typically include dissemination of information to the public and key stakeholders, facilitating coordination among local agencies, opening designated cooling centers, and other strategies for communicating and reducing health risks 52. However, a fundamental premise of disaster or emergency preparedness is that the response in any given location should be informed by local factors, including an assessment of the expected local impacts of hazards, and local assessments of potential exposures, vulnerabilities, and adaptive capacity 52.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, existing heat early warning and response systems typically include dissemination of information to the public and key stakeholders, facilitating coordination among local agencies, opening designated cooling centers, and other strategies for communicating and reducing health risks 52. However, a fundamental premise of disaster or emergency preparedness is that the response in any given location should be informed by local factors, including an assessment of the expected local impacts of hazards, and local assessments of potential exposures, vulnerabilities, and adaptive capacity 52. In the context of public health preparedness for days of extreme heat, it is essential that communities and community leaders understand local risks posed by specific locally defined temperature thresholds 52.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ambient heat and risks of emergency department visits among adults in the United States: time stratified case crossover study

Sun

Weinberger

Nori-Sarma

et al. 2021

BMJ

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Objective To quantify the association between ambient heat and visits to the emergency department (ED) for any cause and for cause specific conditions in the conterminous United States among adults with health insurance. Design Time stratified case crossover analyses with distributed lag non-linear models. Setting US nationwide administrative healthcare claims database. Participants All commercial and Medicare Advantage beneficiaries (74.2 million) aged 18 years and older between May and September 2010 to 2019. Main outcome measures Daily rates of ED visits for any cause, heat related illness, renal disease, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and mental disorders based on discharge diagnosis codes. Results 21 996 670 ED visits were recorded among adults with health insurance living in 2939 US counties. Days of extreme heat—defined as the 95th centile of the local warm season (May through September) temperature distribution (at 34.4°C v 14.9°C national average level)—were associated with a 7.8% (95% confidence interval 7.3% to 8.2%) excess relative risk of ED visits for any cause, 66.3% (60.2% to 72.7%) for heat related illness, 30.4% (23.4% to 37.8%) for renal disease, and 7.9% (5.2% to 10.7%) for mental disorders. Days of extreme heat were associated with an excess absolute risk of ED visits for heat related illness of 24.3 (95% confidence interval 22.9 to 25.7) per 100 000 people at risk per day. Heat was not associated with a higher risk of ED visits for cardiovascular or respiratory diseases. Associations were more pronounced among men and in counties in the north east of the US or with a continental climate. Conclusions Among both younger and older adults, days of extreme heat are associated with a higher risk of ED visits for any cause, heat related illness, renal disease, and mental disorders. These results suggest that the adverse health effects of extreme heat are not limited to older adults and carry important implications for the health of adults across the age spectrum.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient heat and risks of emergency department visits among adults in the United States: time stratified case crossover study

Sun

Weinberger

Nori-Sarma

et al. 2021

BMJ

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“…During heat waves, when the body is exposed to extremely high temperature, dehydration and microcirculation disorders occur, which could lead to thrombosis and chance of having strokes, exacerbations and mortality increase from ischemic heart disease and other causes. The most at-risk groups include young children, pregnant women, the elderly, people with disabilities and limited mobility, people whose professional activity is associated with outdoor activities, and people with low income [81,85,86,91,106,117,118,120,121,125,131,134,139,[148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156]. People living in urban areas of large cities with heavy traffic, where Urban Heat Island (UHI) is developed, can also be attributed to high-risk group [85,128,140,157,158].…”

Section: Temperature Waves and Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Risks to the Russian Population from Temperature Extremes at the Beginning of the XXI Century

Grigorieva

Revich

2021

Atmosphere

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Climate change and climate-sensitive disasters caused by climatic hazards have a significant and increasing direct and indirect impact on human health. Due to its vast area, complex geographical environment and various climatic conditions, Russia is one of the countries that suffers significantly from frequent climate hazards. This paper provides information about temperature extremities in Russia in the beginning of the 21st century, and their impact on human health. A literature search was conducted using the electronic databases Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and e-Library, focusing on peer-reviewed journal articles published in English and in Russian from 2000 to 2021. The results are summarized in 16 studies, which are divided into location-based groups, including Moscow, Saint Petersburg and other large cities located in various climatic zones: in the Arctic, in Siberia and in the southern regions, in ultra-continental and monsoon climate. Heat waves in cities with a temperate continental climate lead to a significant increase in all-cause mortality than cold waves, compared with cities in other climatic zones. At the same time, in northern cities, in contrast to the southern regions and central Siberia, the influence of cold waves is more pronounced on mortality than heat waves. To adequately protect the population from the effects of temperature waves and to carry out preventive measures, it is necessary to know specific threshold values of air temperature in each city.

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“…In addition, broader and more holistic adaptation is required. Examples include heat-health action plans coordinated across government departments and implemented with clear communication strategies, real time surveillance, and local and national evaluation15; introducing natural cooling solutions to urban built environments such as increasing use of tree cover, water bodies, and reflective surfaces that mitigate heat exposure in cities3; and promoting cooling behavioural strategies such as changing dress codes and times of work 16…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health risks of extreme heat

Khosla

Jani

Perera

2021

BMJ

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Record breaking heat events, once rare, are now common. 1 An extra 475 million exposures to heatwaves (that is, one person experiencing three days or more of extreme heat) were observed globally in 2019 compared with 1986-2005. 2 Clear evidence links the intensity and frequency of heat extremes to human induced global warming, which also increases the probability of compound events such as concurrent heatwaves and droughts. 3 The implications are serious: extreme heat has a substantial impact on all 17 UN sustainable development goals-including zero hunger, good health and wellbeing for all, climate action, and reduced inequalities 4 -directly affecting both people and the planet. 5

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Reducing the health effects of hot weather and heat extremes: from personal cooling strategies to green cities

Cited by 340 publications

References 121 publications

Ambient heat and risks of emergency department visits among adults in the United States: time stratified case crossover study

Ambient heat and risks of emergency department visits among adults in the United States: time stratified case crossover study

Health Risks to the Russian Population from Temperature Extremes at the Beginning of the XXI Century

Health risks of extreme heat

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