Reducing the Waiting-On-Cement Time of Geopolymer Well Cement using Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) as the Accelerator: Analysis of the Compressive Strength and Acoustic Impedance for Well Logging

Abstract

Geopolymer cement (GPC) is an aluminosilicate-based binder that is cost-effective and eco-friendly, with high compressive strength and resistance to acid attack. It can prevent degradation when exposed to carbon dioxide by virtue of the low calcium content of the aluminosilicate source. The effect of the concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl2) as the accelerator on the compressive strength and acoustic impedance of GPC for well cement, while exposed to high pressure and high temperatures, is presented. Fly ash from the Tanjung Bin power plant, which is categorized as Class F fly ash according to ASTM C618-19, was selected as the aluminosilicate source for the GPC samples. Sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate were employed to activate the geopolymerization reaction of the aluminosilicate. Five samples with a density of 15 ppg were prepared with concentrations of CaCl2 that varied from 1% to 4% by weight of cement. Findings revealed that the addition of 1% CaCl2 is the optimum concentration for the curing conditions of 100 °C and 3000 psi for 48 h, which resulted in the highest compressive strength of the product. Results also indicate that GPC samples that contain CaCl2 have a smaller range of acoustic impedance compared to that of ordinary Portland cement.

Effect of Elastomeric Expandable Additive on Compressive Strength and Linear Expansion of Fly-Ash-Based Strength-Enhanced Geopolymer Cement for Shrinkage-Resistant Oil-Well Cementing

“…where F is the compressive strength measured in psi, P is the compressive load at the point of failure measured in lbf and A is the cross-sectional surface area of the sample measured in inch 2 . Measurement of linear expansion was performed based on the procedure described in API RP10B-5 [55], using an expansion cell based on Equation (6).…”

“…During the construction of oil wells, cementing is performed primarily to establish zonal isolation. Apart from that, cementing is essential to support the casing, as well as to shield the casing from corrosion [1,2]. It has to be designed to possess a long-term structural integrity and be serviceable at a wide range of temperatures, from as low as below freezing temperatures, as in permafrost zones, to as high as above 500 • C, as in geothermal wells [3].…”

“…Expenditure of calcium ions that are present in calcium-silicatehydrate (C-S-H) occurs due to chemical reactions between the calcium ions and carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) to form calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). Subsequent to the depletion of the calcium ions in C-S-H, further chemical reactions between H 2 CO 3 and CaCO 3 will occur [2]. Accordingly, the lower calcium content of GPC in comparison to OPC signifies that, under high exposure to CO 2 in CO 2 -rich well environments, GPC will be more resistant toward carbonation than OPC [7,34,35].…”

Compressive and Splitting Tensile Strengths of Coconut-Coir-Fibre-Reinforced Concrete: Effect of Fibre Volume

“…Agricultural and industrial wastes can potentially be re-used for production of green construction materials as alternatives. Examples of the re-use that are prevalent in research are that of rice husk [1,2], which is an agricultural waste material, and fly ash [3][4][5][6], which is an industrial waste material, for production of cementitious binders. At the same time, re-use of the wastes can enhance the economic viability of the industries and address issues pertaining to disposal of the wastes.…”

Extraction of Silica from Sugarcane Bagasse Ash for Cement Replacement in Concrete: Effect of Treatment and Burning Temperature

“…In order to meet demands without further increasing environmental damage, eco-friendly alternatives to cement have been proposed [1]. Increasing amounts of agricultural and industrial wastes have prompted researchers to re-use the wastes as prospective cement replacement materials, such as fly ash [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], rice husk ash [9][10][11], palm oil fuel ash [12] and sugarcane bagasse ash [13,14].…”