Reduction and liquid-solid partitioning of SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus throughout the different stages of a pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant

Espinosa, María Fernanda; Verbyla, Matthew E.; Vassalle, Lucas; Leal, Cíntia Dutra; Freitas, Deborah Leroy; Machado, Elayne Cristina; Fernandes, Luyara de Almeida; Rosa-Machado, Alcino Trindade; Calábria, Juliana; Chernicharo, C. A. L.; Filho, César Rossas Mota

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2022.118069

Cited by 25 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The average LRV of SARS-CoV-2 by CAS observed in the present study was consistent with that from the previous study, in which SARS-CoV-2 in influent wastewater was quantified using both liquid and solid fractions ( Wang et al, 2022 ). Meanwhile, SM-BNR the LRV of SARS-CoV-2 by CAS in the present study was higher by 0.90–1.89 log than those in previous studies, in which only liquid fraction was used for quantifying SARS-CoV-2 in influent wastewater ( Espinosa et al, 2022 ; Kumar et al, 2021b ; Owen et al, 2022 ; Plaza-Garrido et al, 2023 ; Randazzo et al, 2020 ; Saguti et al, 2021 ; Serra-Compte et al, 2021 ) ( Table 1 ). Those studies probably underestimated the LRV because SARS-CoV-2 was also reportedly abundant in the solid fraction of wastewater ( Kitamura et al, 2021 ; Li et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 69%

“…speed and duration of centrifuge), and SS concentrations. Many previous studies on removal of SARS-CoV-2 at WWTPs only quantified SARS-CoV-2 in liquid or solid fractions of influent wastewater ( Espinosa et al, 2022 ; Kumar et al, 2021b ; Owen et al, 2022 ; Serra-Compte et al, 2021 ). These studies may have underestimated the total concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in influent wastewater, thereby underestimating the LRVs of SARS-CoV-2 in WWTPs as well.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 by biological nutrient removal and disinfection processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

Al-Amin

Hara-Yamamura

Hata

et al. 2023

Science of The Total Environment

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 69%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 by biological nutrient removal and disinfection processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

Al-Amin

Hara-Yamamura

Hata

et al. 2023

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Similar behaviors of SARS‐CoV‐2 genetic marker adsorption/decomposition were observed across a pilot scale up‐flow anaerobic sludge blanket followed by a high‐rate algal pond in Brazil where 60% of the genetic markers were partitioned from the liquid phase to the solid phase (Espinosa et al, 2022). The behavior suggested that ST processes with high biomass are important for promoting SARS‐CoV‐2 adsorption/decomposition.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 56%

A mass balance approach for quantifying the role of natural decay and fate mechanisms on SARS‐CoV‐2 genetic marker removal during water reclamation

Carine,

Pagilla

2024

Water Environment Research

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The recent SARS‐CoV‐2 outbreak yielded substantial data regarding virus fate and prevalence at water reclamation facilities (WRFs), identifying influential factors as natural decay, adsorption, light, pH, salinity, and antagonistic microorganisms. However, no studies have quantified the impact of these factors in full scale WRFs. Utilizing a mass balance approach, we assessed the impact of natural decay and other fate mechanisms on genetic marker removal during water reclamation, through the use of sludge and wastewater genetic marker loading estimates. Results indicated negligible removal of genetic markers during P/PT (primary effluent (PE) p value: 0.267; preliminary and primary treatment (P/PT) accumulation p value: 0.904; and thickened primary sludge (TPS) p value: 0.076) indicating no contribution of natural decay and other fate mechanisms toward removal in P/PT. Comparably, adsorption and decomposition was found to be the dominant pathway for genetic marker removal (thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) log loading 9.75 log10 GC/day); however, no estimation of log genetic marker accumulation could be carried out due to high detections in TWAS.Practitioner Points The mass balance approach suggested that the contribution of natural decay and other fate mechanisms to virus removal during wastewater treatment are negligible compared with adsorption and decomposition in P/PT (p value: 0.904). During (P/PT), a higher viral load remained in the (PE) (14.16 log10 GC/day) compared with TPS (13.83 log10 GC/day); however, no statistical difference was observed (p value: 0.280) indicting that adsorption/decomposition most probably did not occur. In secondary treatment (ST), viral genetic markers in TWAS were consistently detected (13.41 log10 GC/day) compared with secondary effluent (SE), indicating that longer HRT and the potential presence of extracellular polymeric substance‐containing enriched biomass enabled adsorption/decomposition. Estimations of total solids and volatile solids for TPS and TWAS indicated that adsorption affinity was different between solids sampling locations (p value: <0.0001).

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“…One possible reason is that using the PCR inhibitor removal kit minimized the inhibition during the partitioning experiment of Roldan-Hernandez et al (2023, 2024) 55,56 , while significant inhibitory effects were observed in the solids sample extracts in our study. In addition, partition coefficients and recovery rates vary across different viruses, and also due to numerous other factors, such as the wastewater matrix, liquid-solid separation methods, and wastewater processing methods 16,[55][56][57][58] . Additional research is needed to investigate how these factors impact the partitioning and recovery of measles, mumps, and rubella in wastewater samples.…”

Section: Evaluating Recovery Of Measles Mumps and Rubella From Liquid...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiplexed detection, partitioning, and persistence of wild type and vaccine strains of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses in wastewater

Wu,

Wang,

Kalvapalle

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Wastewater surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases may provide early warning of outbreaks and identify areas to target for immunization. To advance wastewater monitoring of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses, we developed and validated a multiplexed RT-ddPCR assay for the detection of their RNA. Because the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine is an attenuated live virus vaccine, we also developed an assay that distinguishes between wild-type and vaccine strains of measles in wastewater and validated it using a wastewater sample collected from a facility with an active measles outbreak. We also evaluated the partitioning behavior the viruses in between the liquid and solid fractions of influent wastewater. We found that assaying the liquid fraction of the wastewater resulted in more sensitive detection of the viruses despite the fact that the viral RNA was enriched in the solid fraction due to the low solids content of the influent wastewater. Finally, we investigated the stability of measles, mumps, and rubella RNA in wastewater samples spiked with viruses over 28 days at two different concentrations and two temperatures (4°C and room temperature) and observed limited viral decay. Our study supports the feasibility of wastewater monitoring for measles, mumps, and rubella viruses for population-level surveillance.

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Reduction and liquid-solid partitioning of SARS-CoV-2 and adenovirus throughout the different stages of a pilot-scale wastewater treatment plant

Cited by 25 publications

References 57 publications

Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 by biological nutrient removal and disinfection processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 by biological nutrient removal and disinfection processes in full-scale wastewater treatment plants

A mass balance approach for quantifying the role of natural decay and fate mechanisms on SARS‐CoV‐2 genetic marker removal during water reclamation

Multiplexed detection, partitioning, and persistence of wild type and vaccine strains of measles, mumps, and rubella viruses in wastewater

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