Reduction of FFA in jatropha curcas oil via sequential direct-ultrasonic irradiation and dosage of methanol/sulfuric acid catalyst mixture on esterification process

Process intensification of biodiesel synthesis via ultrasound‐assisted in situ esterification of Jatropha oil seeds

“…The highest FAME yield of 40.03% was achieved at 80%, followed by a FAME yield of 39.10% at 70% and FAME yield of 38.58% at 60% with reaction time of 150 min. Higher FAME yields acquired at 70% and 80% amplitudes were attributed to higher temperature attained when higher amplitude was introduced, which further promoted the forward esterification of the reversible reaction as shown in Eqn by H 2 O evaporating …”

Optimisation on pretreatment of rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) oil via esterification reaction in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor

“…Association of Natural Rubber estimated that about 1.2 million hectares of unutilised rubber seed is cultivated in Malaysia. RSO can successfully contribute as a potential non-edible feedstock for biodiesel production (Bokhari et al, 2012 Biodiesel belongs to the biomass family, such as vegetable oil or animal fat (Andrade-Tacca et al, 2014). Production expenditure of biodiesel is mainly affected by the selection of feedstock oil source and its processing route.…”

Continuous and pulse sonication effects on transesterification of used vegetable oil

“…The cavitational energy is further converted into chemical, physical, and biological effects depending on the application and reaction environment. In biodiesel process applications, chemical, and physical (thermal) effects are evidenced by many researchers through a significant rise in the reaction temperature, reaction yields, intense mixing [8,[14][15][16][17][18] and in some applications through destruction of cell membranes for oil extraction such as in algae biodiesel production which can be considered a biological effect [19][20][21][22][23][24]. Lin et al [25] attributed three important phenomena to the effect of ultrasonic irradiation: (1) rapid movement of fluids caused by a variation of sonic pressure causes solvent compression and rarefaction; (2) cavitation; and (3) microstreaming where large amount of vibrational energy is confined in small volumes of reaction medium with less heating [25,26].…”