Reduction of Free Fatty Acids of Waste Oil by Acid-Catalyzed Esterification

Otadi, Mahmood; Shahraki, Alemeh; Goharrokhi, Mahdi; Bandarchian, Farideh

doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.027

Cited by 29 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Considering that the reactants of this process are oil and methanol, using the waste materials such as waste oil could reduce the overall costs . According to the high free fatty acid (FFA) amounts of waste oil, the acidic catalysts must be utilized to reduce FFA amounts, proceed the esterification and transesterification reactions simultaneously, and prevent from saponification . Despite the advantages of acidic catalysts, their low activity is economically unprofitable .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16,17 According to the high free fatty acid (FFA) amounts of waste oil, the acidic catalysts must be utilized to reduce FFA amounts, proceed the esterification and transesterification reactions simultaneously, and prevent from saponification. 18,19 Despite the advantages of acidic catalysts, their low activity is economically unprofitable. 20 So, in some cases, these catalysts are used for preparing the poor quality oil before using basic catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Structural/texture evolution of CaO/MCM‐41 nanocatalyst by doping various amounts of cerium for active and stable catalyst: Biodiesel production from waste vegetable cooking oil

2019

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Summary In present work, the aim of producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil was pursued by doping the cerium element into the MCM‐41 framework as catalyst with various Si/Ce molar ratio (5, 10, 25, 50, and Ce = 0). The catalytic performance and stability improved by employing the ultrasound irradiation in active phase loading step of catalyst preparation. The physicochemical characteristics of synthesized samples were investigated using various techniques as follows: Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The XRD patterns along with the results of FTIR and BET analysis revealed the MCM‐41 framework destruction while increasing the Ce content. The FESEM images of the nanocatalysts illustrated a well distribution and uniform morphology for the Ca/CeM (Si/Ce = 25). The particle size and size distribution of the Ca/CeM (Si/Ce = 25) were subsequently determined by TEM and FESEM images. The activity of fabricated nanocatalysts was evaluated by measuring the free acid methyl ester (FAME) content of produced biodiesel. The tests were carried out at constant operational conditions: T = 60°C, catalyst loading = 5 wt%, methanol/oil molar ratio = 9, and 6‐hour reaction time. A superior activity was observed for Ca/CeM (Si/Ce = 25) among other nanocatalysts with 96.8% conversion of triglycerides to biodiesel. The mentioned sample was utilized in five reaction cycles, and at the end of the fifth cycle, the conversion reached to 91.5% which demonstrated its significant stability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural/texture evolution of CaO/MCM‐41 nanocatalyst by doping various amounts of cerium for active and stable catalyst: Biodiesel production from waste vegetable cooking oil

2019

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“…Acid and alkali catalysts can be classified into two types, which are homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. Acid catalysts are commonly utilized in the esterification of high free fatty acids (FFA) oil (Javidialesaadi & Raeissi 2013;Otadi et al 2011). The presence of FFA could interfere the reaction process by promoting saponification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of K-Impregnated Staghorn Coral as Catalyst in the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil

Zul¹,

Ganesan²,

Hussin³

2019

JSM

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This work focuses on the catalytic potential of K-impregnated staghorn coral as a catalyst in methyl esters production via methanolysis of waste cooking oil (WCO). The prepared catalyst was analyzed by Hammett indicators, XRF, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-N2 adsorption method, ATR-FTIR, TGA, XRD and SEM to determine its physicochemical properties. ATR-FTIR and XRD results confirmed the formation of K 2 O species upon KOH impregnation, thus, resulting in good catalytic activity. Reaction parameters such as methanol to oil ratio, reaction time and amount of catalyst were evaluated to find out the best conditions for the transesterification process. About 89.51 ± 4.78 % of biodiesel contents were obtained under the optimum conditions.

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“…In what concerns the refining of soybean oil, the FFA contents of these streams are around 40 % for the distilled fatty acids (Piloto-Rodríguez et al, 2014), while ranging between 35 % and 50 % for the soapstock, and are up to 60 % for the acid oil obtained through the acidification of the soapstock (Piloto-Rodríguez et al, 2014;Wang et al, 2007). Other interesting residual fatty materials are waste cooking oils, whose FFA contents are around 3.5 % (Otadi et al, 2011), and a lipid-rich waste material obtained from sewage sludge, whose FFA contents vary from around 15 % (Kwon et al, 2012) to values between 60 % and 70 % (Boocock et al, 1992;Olkiewicz et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary Assessment of the Processing of High-Acidity Fatty Materials Using Solid Catalysts for the Obtainment of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

Kanda

Hamerski

Corazza

2019

Braz. J. Chem. Eng.

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This work presents the processing of a high-acidity oil through sequential reactions of esterification using montmorillonite K10 and transesterification using zinc monoglycerolate. Since these solids had not been employed along with this approach beforehand, the objective of this work is to provide a general insight of the proposed process and demonstrate its technical feasibility. In this sense, the processing of a synthetic mixture containing soybean oil and lauric acid provided a reduction of the free fatty acid content from (40.8±0.1) % to (3.1±0.4) % after the esterification reaction and a fatty acid methyl ester yield of (95.4±0.2) % was obtained after the transesterification reaction. As compared to traditional homogeneous catalysts, the solid catalysts employed in this work require higher reaction times to achieve satisfactory ester yields but, on the other hand, they are less sensitive to the presence of both water and free fatty acids in the raw materials and can be easily recovered and reused. Therefore, the results accomplished may help the development of a technology for processing high-acidity fatty materials in order to obtain biodiesel, although its economic feasibility still needs a further assessment.

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Reduction of Free Fatty Acids of Waste Oil by Acid-Catalyzed Esterification

Cited by 29 publications

References 13 publications

Structural/texture evolution of CaO/MCM‐41 nanocatalyst by doping various amounts of cerium for active and stable catalyst: Biodiesel production from waste vegetable cooking oil

Structural/texture evolution of CaO/MCM‐41 nanocatalyst by doping various amounts of cerium for active and stable catalyst: Biodiesel production from waste vegetable cooking oil

Application of K-Impregnated Staghorn Coral as Catalyst in the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil

Preliminary Assessment of the Processing of High-Acidity Fatty Materials Using Solid Catalysts for the Obtainment of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters

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