Reduction of sulfur trioxide and nitrogen oxides by secondary fuel injection

Micronized Coal Reburning Demonstration for NOx Control: A DOE Assessment

“…Reburning, or the staged introduction of fuel into a combustion device, is based on laboratoryscale studies in the early 1970s by Wendt and Sternling of Shell Development Company (Wendt, Sternling, and Matovich 1973). The first commercial-scale application of this technology to control NO X emissions was installed in Japan during the same decade.…”

Advanced combustor design concept to control NOx and air toxics

“…Since thermodynamics favors the reduction of NO x and fuel-N to N 2 under O 2 deficient furnace conditions, net NO x production is greatly affected by combustion modifications (Song et al, 1981b). Combustion modification techniques such as staged combustion (Crawford et al, 1975;Wendt et al, 1979;Song et al, 1981b) and reburning (Wendt et al, 1973;Kremer and Schulz, 1986;Chen et al, 1989;Mereb and Wendt, 1990) have been widely researched and successfully implemented for NO x reduction. These techniques exploit the fact that both NO x precursors and NO x are reduced to N 2 in a fuelrich environment.…”

Early evolution of coal nitrogen in opposed flow combustion configurations

“…Removal of the oxides of nitrogen, on the other hand, can be more effectively achieved by in-furnace modifications of the combustion configuration, or through the design of new burners. An examples of such a modified combustion configuration is staged combustion (Wendt et al, 1973), where combustion is completed in two stages, the first being fuel rich, followed by a second stage which is fuel lean. The staged combustion configuration, at present, is widely employed and results in lesser NO x emissions.…”