Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Serova, Ksenia; Belikova, E.V.; Kotenko, Olga N.; Vishnyakov, Andrey E.; Bogdanov, Evgenii; Zaitseva, O. V.; Shunatova, Natalia; Ostrovsky, Andrew N.

doi:10.1007/s13127-022-00562-y

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Polypide excursions (extensions and retractions) are provided by the parietal and retractor muscles. Communication between zooids is provided via pores in zooidal walls, open or plugged by pore-cell complexes 29 – 33 . In most marine bryozoans of the class Gymnolaemata, the zooids are additionally interconnected by a system of mesothelial funicular cords.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal dynamics of a complex cheilostome bryozoan symbiosis: vertical transfer challenged

Bogdanov

Vishnyakov

Kotenko

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Symbiotic associations are dynamic systems influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here we describe for the first time the developmental and seasonal changes of the funicular bodies in the bryozoan Dendrobeania fruticosa, which are unique temporary organs of cheilostome bryozoans containing prokaryotic symbionts. Histological and ultrastructural studies showed that these organs undergo strong seasonal modification in the White Sea during the ice-free period. Initially (in June) they play a trophic function and support the development of a large population of bacteria. From June to September, both funicular bodies and bacteria show signs of degradation accompanied by development of presumed virus-like particles (VLPs); these self-organize to hollow spheres inside bacteria and are also detected outside of them. Although the destruction of bacteria coincides with the development of VLPs and spheres, the general picture differs considerably from the known instances of bacteriophagy in bryozoans. We broadly discuss potential routes of bacterial infection in Bryozoa and question the hypothesis of vertical transfer, which, although widely accepted in the literature, is contradicted by molecular, morphological and ecological evidence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal dynamics of a complex cheilostome bryozoan symbiosis: vertical transfer challenged

Bogdanov

Vishnyakov

Kotenko

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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“…Polypide excursions (extensions and retractions) are provided by the parietal and retractor muscles. Communication between zooids is provided via pores in zooidal walls, open or plugged by pore-cell complexes [29][30][31][32][33] . In most marine bryozoans of the class Gymnolaemata, the zooids are additionally interconnected by a system of mesothelial funicular cords.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal dynamics of a complex cheilostome bryozoan symbiosis – vertical transfer challenged

Bogdanov

Vishnyakov

Kotenko

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Symbiotic associations are dynamic systems influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here we describe for the first time the developmental and seasonal changes of the funicular bodies in the bryozoan Dendrobeania fruticosa, which are unique temporary organs of cheilostome bryozoans containing prokaryotic symbionts. Histological and ultrastructural studies showed that these organs undergo strong seasonal modification in the White Sea during the ice-free period. Initially (in June) they play a trophic function and support the development of a large population of bacteria. From June to September, both funicular bodies and bacteria show signs of degradation accompanied by development of presumed virus-like particles (VLPs); these self-organize to hollow spheres inside bacteria and are also detected outside of them. Although the destruction of bacteria coincides with the development of VLPs and spheres, the general picture differs considerably from the known instances of bacteriophagy in bryozoans. We broadly discuss potential routes of bacterial infection in Bryozoa and question the hypothesis of vertical transfer, which, although popular in the literature, is contradicted by molecular, morphological and ecological evidence.

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A Classification of Protective Structures in Fossil Bryozoans

Tolokonnikova,

Fedorov,

Mikhnenko

2024

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The protective structures of bryozoans representing four orders—Trepostomata, Cryptostomata, Fenestrata, and Cheilostomata—were analyzed and classified for the first time based on functional criteria. The proposed classification includes five groups of protective structures responsible for: 1) reducing water pressure; 2) increasing the feeding area by expanding the distance between the autozooecia apertures, as well as strengthening the colony’s stability and integrity; 3) physically protecting the polypide and providing attachment points for muscles; 4) scaring off predators; and 5) enabling physical protection against predators while also cleaning the colony from sediments, larvae, and small invertebrates. The study of the development of heterozooids, stylets, and avicularia in fossil bryozoans revealed the emergence of persistent, effective polymorphs in the Early Ordovician, Late Devonian, and Early Cretaceous. The evolutionary changes in bryozoans were primarily driven by fluctuations in the levels of the World Ocean, climate, phytoplankton biomass, and predator composition, among other complex interplays between abiotic and biotic factors. To shield themselves from predation threats, bryozoans evolved acanthostyles protruding above colony surfaces and various types of heterozooids physically protecting them from being eaten (caverno-, para-, cyclo-, lepto-, and allozooids in the old groups, along with avicularia in cheilostomates). Avicularia and similar structures occurred repeatedly in different orders: in fenestrates during the Early Ordovician and Early Devonian, in cryptostomates during the Middle Carboniferous, and in cheilostomates during the Early Cretaceous.

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Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Cited by 3 publications

References 74 publications

Seasonal dynamics of a complex cheilostome bryozoan symbiosis: vertical transfer challenged

Seasonal dynamics of a complex cheilostome bryozoan symbiosis: vertical transfer challenged

Seasonal dynamics of a complex cheilostome bryozoan symbiosis – vertical transfer challenged

A Classification of Protective Structures in Fossil Bryozoans

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