Redundancy analysis reveals complex den use patterns by eastern spotted skunks, a conditional specialist

Abstract

Wildlife managers tasked with understanding habitat and resource selection at the population level attempt to characterize patterns in nature that aid and inform conservation. Resource selection functions (RSFs), such as discrete choice analyses, are the standard convention to characterize the effects of habitat attributes on resource selection patterns. These tools are invaluable for wildlife management and conservation and have proven successful in numerous studies. However, the analysis of small datasets using RSF becomes problematic when attempting to account for complex sources of variation, and the inclusion of factors such as weather or intrinsic variation on target species' response may produce models with poor predictive ability. We compared the application of generalized linear mixed-effects modeling (GLMM) and redundancy analysis (RDA) on Appalachian spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius putorius) den selection data at four study sites within the George Washington, Jefferson, and Monongahela National Forests, and surrounding private lands in the Appalachian Mountains of western Virginia and northeastern West Virginia. We assessed the need for the inclusion of alternative sources of variation (i.e., weather conditions and individual intrinsic variation) in addition to standard habitat attributes to better identify sources of variation in den selection. The RDA elucidated complex and opposing relationships, whereby den type use was based on reproductive status or weather condition, which were not evident in the GLMM model that relied solely on habitat measures. Our results demonstrated the importance of examining resource selection data using multivariate techniques in addition to conventional discrete choice analyses to better understand intricate habitat-species relationships, especially for small datasets. Furthermore, from our analyses, we proposed that spotted skunks are neither a true generalist nor specialist species. We introduced and define the term "conditional specialist" to represent a species that is conditionally selective of a given resource in response to one or more current environmental or intrinsic conditions.

Role of soil nutrient elements transport on Camellia oleifera yield under different soil types

“…Current research only considers the quantitative relationship between a particular element within the soil or an organ and vice versa, but does not consider the internal comprehensive/holistic relationship among various group of elements, and does not clarify multiple elements relationship within and between the soil, or organs [ 14 – 16 ]. Redundancy analysis and double-screening stepwise regression analysis can be used to better analyze the relationship between variables within and between the soil, or organs [ 17 – 19 ]. Therefore, in order to deeply understand the relationship between C. oleifera yield and fruit traits with those of roots, leaves, kernels and soil, C. oleifera forests from different soil types (red, yellow-red.…”

Role of soil nutrient elements transport on Camellia oleifera yield under different soil types

“…Nutrient elements availability is related to soil adsorption and xation capacity and to the degree of coordination and antagonism among elements, which in turn is affected by soil type and nutrient elements characteristics the soil or an organ and vice versa, but does not consider the internal comprehensive/holistic relationship among various group of elements, and does not clarify multiple elements relationship within and between the soil, or organs [14][15][16]. Redundancy analysis and double-screening stepwise regression analysis can be used to better analyze the relationship between variables within and between the soil, or organs [17][18][19]. Therefore, in order to deeply understand the relationship between C. oleifera yield and fruit traits with those of roots, leaves, kernels and soil, C. oleifera forests from different soil types (red, yellow-red.…”

Examination of Plains Spotted Skunk (Spilogale interrupta) Burrow Systems

“…Selection of diurnal rest locations by spotted skunks seemingly varies based on species and location. In the southern Appalachian Mountains, Spilogale putorius (L.) (Eastern Spotted Skunk) used a diverse array of aboveground locations, but the species was detected utilizing burrows during most sampling events (Hassler et al 2021, Sprayberry and Edelman 2018, Thorne and Ford 2022). Spilogale putorius ambarvalis (Bangs) (Florida Spotted Skunk) utilized burrows for the majority (63%) of their diurnal rest locations in the Florida mesic prairie (Harris et al 2020).…”