“…In spite of their reduced terrestrial area (from 30 km 2 for Europa to 1 km 2 for Tromelin; absence of terrestrial area for Bassas da India), these islands share an exceptional natural heritage including many marine and terrestrial endemic species. At a regional scale the Iles Eparses are some of the most pristine ecosystems, largely preserved from anthropogenic impacts due to their geographical isolation and a historically very limited human occupation (Le Gall et al, 1985;Barré and Servan, 1988;Le Corre and Jouventin, 1997;Le Corre and Probst, 1997;Probst et al, 2000;Le Corre and Safford, 2001;Probst et al, 2001;Durville et al, 2003;Boullet, 2005;Chabanet and Durville, 2005;Boullet, 2006;Gravier-Bonnet and Bourmaud, 2006a;Gravier-Bonnet and Bourmaud, 2006b;Quod et al, 2007;Boullet, 2008a;Boullet, 2008b;Bourjea et al, 2011;Poupin et al, 2013a;Poupin et al, 2013b;Boullet, 2014;Dumeau et al 2014;Chabanet et al, 2016;Conand et al, 2016;Poupin, 2016;Quétel et al, 2016). The Iles Eparses are among the last sanctuaries of marine and terrestrial tropical biodiversity in the southwest Indian Ocean (Quétel et al, 2016).…”