Reelin and brain development

Tissir, Fadel; Goffinet, André M.

doi:10.1038/nrn1113

Cited by 671 publications

(540 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…46 Additionally, the wide distribution of Reelin in the adult lamprey brain is consistent with existence of different roles for this protein not related to development of CNS in the vertebrates. 47 For example, Reelin expression in brains of male European starlings is highly sensitive to testosterone, decreasing markedly in response to exogenous administration of this hormone.…”

supporting

confidence: 60%

Reelin glycoprotein: structure, biology and roles in health and disease

2004

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supporting

confidence: 60%

Reelin glycoprotein: structure, biology and roles in health and disease

2004

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“…Its product is an extracellular serine protease 36 that affects neuronal migration during central nervous system development. 37 In the mouse model reeler, 38 where the corresponding REELIN gene is mutated, laminar brain structures like the cortex, the cerebellum and the hippocampus are perturbed. 39 Mice homozygous for the defect have less Purkinje cells and exhibit cerebellar hypoplasia, 40 and such anatomic anomalies are identified in autistic people.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A heterogeneity-based genome search meta-analysis for autism-spectrum disorders

et al. 2005

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Autism and autism-spectrum disorders exhibit high heritability, although specific susceptibility genes still remain largely elusive. We performed a heterogeneity-based genome search meta-analysis (HEGESMA) of nine genome scans on autism or autism-spectrum disorders. Each genome scan was separated in 30 cM bins and the maximum linkage statistic from each bin was ranked. Significance for each bin's average rank and for between-scan heterogeneity (dis-similarity in the average ranks) was obtained through Monte Carlo tests. For autism, data from 771 affected sibpairs were synthesized across six separate genome scans. Region 7q22-q32 reached genome-wide significance both in weighted and unweighted analyses, with evidence for significantly low between-scan heterogeneity. The flanking chromosomal region 7q32-qter reached the less stringent threshold of suggestive significance, with no evidence for low between-scan heterogeneity. For autism-spectrum disorders (634 affected sibpairs from five separate scans), no chromosomal region reached genome-wide significance. However, suggestive significance was reached for the chromosomal regions 17p11.2-q12 and 10p12-q11.1 in weighted analyses. There was evidence for significantly high between-scan heterogeneity for the former region. The meta-analysis suggests that the 7q22-q32 region should be further scrutinized for autism susceptibility genes, while autism-spectrum disorders seem to have quite diverse linkage signals across scans, possibly suggesting genetic heterogeneity across subsyndromes and subpopulations.

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“…We find five collagen-domain-encoding genes in the M. brevicollis genome, two of which encode the diagnostic Gly-X-Y repetitive sequence motif (where X and Y are frequently proline and hydroxyproline, respectively) in an arrangement similar to metazoan collagens 30 . Other ECM-associated domains previously known only from metazoans that occur in M. brevicollis include laminin domains (an important class that contributes to the basement membrane), the reeler domain (found in the neuronal ECM protein reelin 31 ) and the ependymin domain (an extracellular glycoprotein found in cerebrospinal fluid 32 ; Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 4).…”

Section: Extracellular-matrix-associated Protein Domainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gene structure and intron evolution The ,41.6 megabase (Mb) M. brevicollis genome contains approximately 9,200 genes (Supplementary Notes 1 and 2) and is comparable in size to the genomes of filamentous fungi (,30-40 Mb) and other free-living unicellular eukaryotes (for example, small diatoms at , [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and ichthyosporeans at ,20-25 Mb 21 ). Metazoan genomes are typically larger, with few exceptions 22 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The genome of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the origin of metazoans

King

Westbrook²,

Young³

et al. 2008

Nature

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Choanoflagellates are the closest known relatives of metazoans. To discover potential molecular mechanisms underlying the evolution of metazoan multicellularity, we sequenced and analysed the genome of the unicellular choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis. The genome contains approximately 9,200 intron-rich genes, including a number that encode cell adhesion and signalling protein domains that are otherwise restricted to metazoans. Here we show that the physical linkages among protein domains often differ between M. brevicollis and metazoans, suggesting that abundant domain shuffling followed the separation of the choanoflagellate and metazoan lineages. The completion of the M. brevicollis genome allows us to reconstruct with increasing resolution the genomic changes that accompanied the origin of metazoans.Choanoflagellates have long fascinated evolutionary biologists for their marked similarity to the 'feeding cells' (choanocytes) of sponges and the possibility that they might represent the closest living relatives of metazoans 1,2 . Over the past decade or so, evidence supporting this relationship has accumulated from phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial genes [3][4][5][6] , comparative genomics between the mitochondrial genomes of choanoflagellates, sponges and other metazoans 7,8 , and the finding that choanoflagellates express homologues of metazoan signalling and adhesion genes 9-12 . Furthermore, species-rich phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that choanoflagellates are not derived from metazoans, but instead represent a distinct lineage that evolved before the origin and diversification of metazoans (Fig. 1a, Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Note 3.1) 8,13 . By virtue of their position on the tree of life, studies of choanoflagellates provide an unparallelled window into the nature of the unicellular and colonial progenitors of metazoans 14 .Choanoflagellates are abundant and globally distributed microbial eukaryotes found in marine and freshwater environments 15,16 . Like sponge choanocytes, each cell bears an apical flagellum surrounded by a distinctive collar of actin-filled microvilli, with which choanoflagellates trap bacteria and detritus (Fig. 1b). Using this highly effective means of prey capture, choanoflagellates link bacteria to higher trophic levels and thus have critical roles in oceanic carbon cycling and in the microbial food web 17,18 .More than 125 choanoflagellate species have been identified, and all species have a unicellular life-history stage. Some can also form simple colonies of equipotent cells, although these differ substantially from the obligate associations of differentiated cells in metazoans 19 . Studies of basal metazoans indicate that the ancestral metazoan was multicellular and had differentiated cell types, an epithelium, a body plan and regulated development including gastrulation. In contrast, the last common ancestor of choanoflagellates and metazoans was unicellular or possibly capable of forming simple colonies, underscoring the abundant biologi...

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Reelin and brain development

Cited by 671 publications

References 106 publications

Reelin glycoprotein: structure, biology and roles in health and disease

Reelin glycoprotein: structure, biology and roles in health and disease

A heterogeneity-based genome search meta-analysis for autism-spectrum disorders

The genome of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the origin of metazoans

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