Reexamination of the role of the hypothalamus in motivation.

Valenstein, Elliot S.; Cox, Verne C.; Kakolewski, Jan W.

doi:10.1037/h0028581

Cited by 384 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Brain stimulation electrodes are vigorously selfstimulated by rats in structures such as lateral hypothalamus, septum, accumbens, or the medial forebrain bundle (Olds and Milner 1954;Shizgal et al 2001) and often simultaneously motivate animals to eat, drink, engage in sex, etc. (Hoebel 1988;Valenstein et al 1970). However, the same electrodes that make rats 'want' to eat food more voraciously still fail to make rats 'like' food more hedonically (Berridge and Valenstein 1991).…”

Section: Dopamine-beyond Learning Too?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

2008

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Introduction Pleasure and reward are generated by brain circuits that are largely shared between humans and other animals. Discussion Here, we survey some fundamental topics regarding pleasure mechanisms and explicitly compare humans and animals. Conclusion Topics surveyed include liking, wanting, and learning components of reward; brain coding versus brain causing of reward; subjective pleasure versus objective hedonic reactions; roles of orbitofrontal cortex and related cortex regions; subcortical hedonic hotspots for pleasure generation; reappraisals of dopamine and pleasure-electrode controversies; and the relation of pleasure to happiness.

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Section: Dopamine-beyond Learning Too?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

2008

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“…The Hy provides the primary brain control over the endocrine system through interactions with the pituitary. It plays a major role in the regulation of motivated behavior and homeostatic processes (Sewards and Sewards, 2003;Valenstein et al, 1970), regulates the release of cortisol and other hormones into the bloodstream with diverse effects (Tsigos and Chrousos, 2002), and interacts with the autonomic nervous system through large reciprocal connections with the PAG and other brainstem nuclei (Saper et al, 1976). Based on these and many other findings, the Hy plays a central role in brain responses to threat and stress and regulation of the body.…”

Section: The Present Approach: Methodological Overview and Neuroscienmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional grouping and cortical–subcortical interactions in emotion: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies

et al. 2008

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We performed an updated quantitative meta-analysis of 162 neuroimaging studies of emotion using a novel multi-level kernel-based approach, focusing on locating brain regions consistently activated in emotional tasks and their functional organization into distributed functional groups, independent of semantically defined emotion category labels (e.g., "anger," "fear"). Such brain-based analyses are critical if our ways of labeling emotions are to be evaluated and revised based on consistency with brain data. Consistent activations were limited to specific cortical sub-regions, including multiple functional areas within medial, orbital, and inferior lateral frontal cortices. Consistent with a wealth of animal literature, multiple subcortical activations were identified, including amygdala, ventral striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus, and periaqueductal gray. We used multivariate parcellation and clustering techniques to identify groups of co-activated brain regions across studies. These analyses identified six distributed functional groups, including medial and lateral frontal groups, two posterior cortical groups, and paralimbic and core limbic/brainstem groups. These functional groups provide information on potential organization of brain regions into large-scale networks. Specific follow-up analyses focused on amygdala, periaqueductal gray (PAG), and hypothalamic (Hy) activations, and identified frontal cortical areas co-activated with these core limbic structures. While multiple areas of frontal cortex co-activated with amygdala sub-regions, a specific region of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC, Brodmann's Area 9/32) was the only area co-activated with both PAG and Hy. Subsequent mediation analyses were consistent with a pathway from dmPFC through PAG to Hy. These results suggest that medial frontal areas are more closely associated with core limbic activation than their lateral counterparts, and that dmPFC may play a particularly important role in the cognitive generation of emotional states.

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“…While the within-subject comparisons of the present study preclude this possibility, another possibility exists. Valenstein, Cox, and Kakolewski (1970) found that rather long (10 sec or more) trains of hypothalamic stimulation decreased normal deprivation-elicited food and water consumption following stimulation. It is possible that this post-ESB inhibition of drinking occurred in the present experiments, and precluded licking under ESB schedules.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SPACED FOOD BUT NOT ELECTRICAL BRAIN STIMULATION INDUCES POLYDIPSIA AND AIR LICKING¹

Ramer

Wilkie

1977

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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An attempt was made to induce polydipsia in rats whose lever pressing was reinforced with food pellets or electrical brain stimulation. Nine If food-deprived but water-sated rats receive small dry-food reinforcers that are temporally spaced, they will often drink as much as or more than their normal daily intake of water in a period of a few hours. This high rate of consumption, labelled "schedule-induced polydipsia" (SIP), appears to result from the rat's drinking a small draught (about 0.5 ml) after most of numerous pellet deliveries (Falk, 1961). (See Falk, 1964, 1971, 1972 for reviews of the literature on this effect).One recent line of research on SIP has attempted to isolate the factors associated with reinforcer deliveries that produce drinking. Food reinforcers have several properties: reinforcing, discriminative (signalling reinforcement unavailability under periodic schedules, for example), and eliciting (taste, chewing, etc.). The general strategy in this line of research has been to ascertain if reinforcers other than dry food induce SIP. Differences between

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Reexamination of the role of the hypothalamus in motivation.

Cited by 384 publications

References 35 publications

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

Functional grouping and cortical–subcortical interactions in emotion: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies

SPACED FOOD BUT NOT ELECTRICAL BRAIN STIMULATION INDUCES POLYDIPSIA AND AIR LICKING¹

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Reexamination of the role of the hypothalamus in motivation.

Cited by 384 publications

References 35 publications

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals

Functional grouping and cortical–subcortical interactions in emotion: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies

SPACED FOOD BUT NOT ELECTRICAL BRAIN STIMULATION INDUCES POLYDIPSIA AND AIR LICKING1

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SPACED FOOD BUT NOT ELECTRICAL BRAIN STIMULATION INDUCES POLYDIPSIA AND AIR LICKING¹