Reexamination of tympanic membrane temperature as a core temperature

Sato, Kent T.; Kane, Neal L.; Soos, Gyula; Gisolfi, C. V.; Kondo, Narihiko; Sato, Kei

doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.80.4.1233

Cited by 66 publications

(78 citation statements)

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“…Although a direct measure of tympanic temperature (temperature probe touching the tympanic membrane) may be a valid estimation of core body temperature, 40 commercial devices attempt to estimate tympanic temperature by measuring infrared radiation from the tympanic membrane and then calculating temperature with a derived algorithm. The infrared radiation arises from the ear canal, 40 so these devices are measuring AUR, but this method often results in an invalid estimate of core body temperature.…”

Section: Aural (Tympanic) Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and Reliability of Devices That Assess Body Temperature During Indoor Exercise in the Heat

Ganio

Brown

Casa

et al. 2009

Journal of Athletic Training

161

151

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Context: When assessing exercise hyperthermia outdoors, the validity of certain commonly used body temperature measuring devices has been questioned. A controlled laboratory environment is generally less influenced by environmental factors (eg, ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind) than an outdoor setting. The validity of these temperature measuring devices in a controlled environment may be more acceptable.Objective: To assess the validity and reliability of commonly used temperature devices compared with rectal temperature in individuals exercising in a controlled, high environmental temperature indoor setting and then resting in a cool environment.Design: Time series study. Setting: Laboratory environmental chamber (temperature 5 36.4 6 1.26C [97.5 6 2.166F], relative humidity 5 52%) and cool laboratory (temperature 5 approximately 23.36C [74.06F], relative humidity 5 40%).Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen males and 10 females.Intervention(s): Rectal, gastrointestinal, forehead, oral, aural, temporal, and axillary temperatures were measured with commonly used temperature devices. Temperature was measured before and 20 minutes after entering the environmental chamber, every 30 minutes during a 90-minute treadmill walk in the heat, and every 20 minutes during a 60-minute rest in mild conditions. Device validity and reliability were assessed with various statistical measures to compare the measurements using each device with rectal temperature. A device was considered invalid if the mean bias (average difference between rectal and device temperatures) was more than 60.276C (60.506F).Main Outcome Measure(s): Measured temperature from each device (mean and across time).Results: Conclusions: Even during laboratory exercise in a controlled environment, devices used to measure forehead, temporal, oral, aural, and axillary body sites did not provide valid estimates of rectal temperature. Only intestinal temperature measurement met the criterion. Therefore, we recommend that rectal or intestinal temperature be used to assess hyperthermia in individuals exercising indoors in the heat.Key Words: core body temperature, hyperthermia, tympanic membrane Key Points N As indicated by mean bias values, invalid estimates of rectal temperature (the ''gold standard'') were provided by forehead sticker, oral temperature, temporal temperature, aural temperature, and axillary temperature.N Intestinal temperature was the only measurement considered valid. N Successive intestinal, forehead sticker, temporal, and aural measurements demonstrated acceptable reliability.

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Section: Aural (Tympanic) Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Validity and Reliability of Devices That Assess Body Temperature During Indoor Exercise in the Heat

Ganio

Brown

Casa

et al. 2009

Journal of Athletic Training

161

151

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“…18 Aural temperature was employed in the present study as rectal temperature has been considered to be inappropriate as a measure of core temperature in paraplegics during exercise 19 and subject discomfort is often reported from the use of oesophageal probes. 20,21 Skin thermistors were placed at the forehead, forearm, upper arm, back, chest, abdomen, thigh and calf in order to establish the whole body thermoregulatory response. Thermistors were attached to the skin using narrow strips of water permeable surgical tape (3M Transpore, Loughborough, England) in a criss-cross pattern.…”

Section: Preliminary Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoregulatory responses of spinal cord injured and able-bodied athletes to prolonged upper body exercise and recovery

Price

Campbell

1999

Spinal Cord

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Study design: Single trial, two factor repeated measures design. Setting: England, Cheshire. Objectives: To examine the thermoregulatory responses of able-bodied (AB) athletes, paraplegic (PA) athletes and a tetraplegic (TP) athlete at rest, during prolonged upper body exercise and recovery. Methods: Exercise was performed on a Monark cycle ergometer (Ergomedic 814E) adapted for arm exercise at 60% VO 2 peak for 60 min in cool conditions (`normal' laboratory temperature; 21.5+1.78C and 47+7.8% relative humidity). Aural and skin temperatures were continually monitored. Results: Mean (+S.D.) peak oxygen uptake values were greater (P50.05) for the AB when compared to the PA (3.45+0.45 l min 71 and 2.00+0.46 l min 71 , respectively). Peak oxygen uptake for the TP was 0.91 l min 71 . At rest, aural temperature was similar between groups (36.2+0.38C, 36.3+0.38C and 36.38C for AB, PA and TP athletes, respectively). During exercise, aural temperature demonstrated relatively steady state values increasing by 0.6+0.48C and 0.6+0.38C for the AB and PA athletes, respectively. The TP athlete demonstrated a gradual rise in aural temperature throughout the exercise period of 0.98C. Thigh skin temperature increased by 1.3+2.58C for the AB athletes (P50.05) whereas the PA athletes demonstrated little change in temperature (0.1+3.48C and 70.78C respectively). Calf temperature increased for the PA athletes by 1.0+3.68C (P50.05), whereas a decrease was observed for the AB athletes of 71.0+2.08C (P50.05) during the exercise period. During 30 min of passive recovery, the AB athletes demonstrated greater decreases in aural temperatures than those for the PA athletes (P50.05). Aural temperature for the TP increased peaking at 5 min of recovery remaining elevated until the end of the recovery period. Fluid consumption and weight losses were similar for the AB and PA athletes (598+433 ml and 403+368 ml; 0.38+0.39 kg and 0.38+0.31 kg, respectively), whereas changes in plasma volume were greater for the AB athletes (79.8+5.8% and 4.36+4.9%, respectively; P50.05). Conclusion:The results of this study suggest that under the experimental conditions PA athletes are at no greater thermal risk than AB athletes. A relationship between the available muscle mass for heat production and sweating capacity appears evident for the maintenance of thermal balance. During recovery from exercise, decreases in aural temperature, skin temperature and heat storage were greatest for the AB athletes with the greatest capacity for heat loss and lowest for the TP athlete with the smallest capacity for heat loss. Initial observations on one TP athlete suggest substantial thermoregulatory di erences when compared to AB and PA athletes.

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“…However, anaesthesia and surgery remarkably alter the body temperature. 19 Temperature measurement is a time-honoured practice. A variety of devices, including glass-mercury thermometers, liquid crystal thermometers, rectal thermistors, urinary catheter thermistors, pulmonary artery catheter thermistors, and tympanic membrane thermistors have been used to measure core temperature, intermittently or continuously.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An optimal thermometer should accurately measure core temperature. 19 The tympanic membrane is an excellent site for measurement of core temperature, since it is readily accessible and receives its blood supply from a portion of the same vasculature that perfuses the hypothalamus/4 Tympanic membrane thermocouple probes are safe and relatively easy to use. Nonetheless, they must be inserted carefully and some patients find them uncomfortable during regional anaesthesia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of four infrared tympanic thermometers with tympanic membrane temperatures measured by thermocouples

et al. 1996

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TM (r = 0.56, 0.63, and 0.58, respectively). Mean differences between TM and each temperature (TG, 7"re, T9_, 0.73, 0.42, 0.37, 0.35, and 0.35. Key wordsEQUIPMENT: thermometers; thermocouples; TEMPERATURE: core temperature, measurement, tympanic membrane temperature. Tm (respectivement r = 56, r = 0,63 et r = 0,58). La diffgrence moyenne respective entre TM et chaque tempgrature (TG, TTt',3, 0,73, 0,3~ Dans le m~me ordre, l'~cart type ~tait de 0,33, 0,37, 0,35 et 0,35 Core temperature perturbations are common in the perioperative period ~ and may indicate underlying problems such as malignant hyperthermia 2 and inadvertent hypothermia. 3 Furthermore, thermal disturbances are associated with numerous complications 4-9 and should be appropriately treated, t~ Consequently, core temperature monitoring is a critical aspect of anaesthesia practice. There are various sites for core temperature measurement such as rectal, bladder, oesophageal, and tympanic membrane. ~2 The tympanic membrane shares the same CAN J ANAESTH 1996 / 43:12 /pp 1224-8

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Reexamination of tympanic membrane temperature as a core temperature

Cited by 66 publications

References 0 publications

Validity and Reliability of Devices That Assess Body Temperature During Indoor Exercise in the Heat

Validity and Reliability of Devices That Assess Body Temperature During Indoor Exercise in the Heat

Thermoregulatory responses of spinal cord injured and able-bodied athletes to prolonged upper body exercise and recovery

A comparison of four infrared tympanic thermometers with tympanic membrane temperatures measured by thermocouples

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