“…The accurate numerical simulation of flows of an incompressible, viscous fluid, with the accompanying complexities occurring in practical settings, is a problem where speed, memory and accuracy never seem sufficient. For time discretization (considered herein), many longer time simulations use constant step low order methods, and (with few exceptions noted in Section 1.1) the remainder use the constant time step implicit midpoint or the trapezoidal schemes, for example, [2,3,8,31,39], (often combined with fractional steps, or with ad hoc fixes to correct for oscillations due to lack of L-stability [6,38,44]), or the backward differentiation formula 2 (BDF2) method [1,18,22,33,34,46]. Time accuracy requires time step adaptivity within the computational, space and cognitive complexity limitations of computational fluid dynamics (CFD).…”