Reference broadcast frame synchronization for distributed high-speed camera network

UAV-Assisted Low-Consumption Time Synchronization Utilizing Cross-Technology Communication

“…This protocol is implemented at the application layer level and its precision is very high; however, PTP is only applicable to the client–server architecture. RBS is a time synchronization protocol commonly used in single-hop networks, which has low precision [ 12 ]. TPSN is a time synchronization protocol implemented in the Media Access Control (MAC) layer, it can be used in single-hop or multi-hop networks [ 14 ].…”

“…Accurate time synchronization can save communication energy, promote position accuracy, optimize monitoring range, and improve system security [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Previous research in this field mostly focused on how to do time synchronization for better clock accuracy, such as reference broadcast synchronization (RBS) [ 12 , 13 ], timing-sync protocol for sensor networks (TPSN) [ 14 , 15 ], and flooding time synchronization protocol (FTSP) [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. However, the above algorithms have the following problems in large-scale sparse deployment networks: (1) The energy consumption; (2) Multihop time synchronization errors.…”

Sub-Frame Evaluation of Frame Synchronization for Camera Network Using Linearly Oscillating Light Spot

“…Frame synchronization is often regarded as an important factor for data fusion in multi-camera systems and camera networks, and various studies have been conducted [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. In many practical cases [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ], such as tracking and monitoring on sports [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], human motion [ 17 , 18 ], surveillance systems [ 19 ], etc., more precise frame synchronization promises more accurate data processing results.…”

“…On the other hand, the second category, the estimation using the captured images exploits inherent information of a visualized target in the captured images [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. A light source is often used to produce visual information to evaluate the frame synchronization [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. For example, a blinking light source is the simplest way to generate the information, as reported in our previous work [ 1 ].…”

“…A light source is often used to produce visual information to evaluate the frame synchronization [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. For example, a blinking light source is the simplest way to generate the information, as reported in our previous work [ 1 ]. When the frequency of blinking is higher than the frame rate of a camera, it is possible to evaluate the frame synchronization at the measurement resolution which is equal to the time interval of two adjacent images.…”