Reference frames of space and time in language

Orientation and metacognition in virtual space.

“…We asked to what extent the underlying reference systems are verbalisable as well as accessible to conscious manipulation via explicit instruction, and to what extent participants' verbalisations exhibit linguistic features and patterns paralleling those that have previously been found for reference systems in language (Taylor & Tversky, 1996;Tenbrink, 2007Tenbrink, , 2011. If participants' preferences in the tunnel task reflect the same underlying allocentric and egocentric reference systems as used to conceptualise the real world, the verbalisations should resemble those that have repeatedly been found for other types of verbalisations of different reference system concepts.…”

“…Phrases like the hat on the right are ambiguous if the addressee adopts a different perspective than the speaker. On the whole, speakers have a wide range of options available for producing and interpreting spatial descriptions (see Tenbrink, 2011, for a systematic account). Of these options, the distinction between speaker and hearer perspective is arguably the most obvious (or consciously accessible) one, and it sometimes finds its way into language by expressions such as 'from my/your point of view'.…”

Situated Interaction with a Smart Environment: Challenges and Opportunities

“…In contrast, an utterance like the ball is in front of the chair can be understood independently, without requiring an origin; here, the ball is related directly to the chair's front, and this would be true independent of where speaker and listener are located. In this sense, intrinsic reference systems require two positions in space (that of the target object, called locatum, and that of the object it is related to, called relatum by Levinson), whereas relative reference systems require three positions (locatum, relatum, and origin) [39]. However, both reference systems share the requirement that some kind of perspective or direction needs to be identified: either that of the relatum, or that of the origin.…”

Spatial Natural Language Generation for Location Description in Photo Captions

“…[11,1]), in particular with regard to the context of use and to distinguishing between frames of reference that may be relative to an observer or an object, or based on the properties of an object (intrinsic), or absolute, such as compass directions, (e.g., [12], [31], [29], [9]). Locative, or locational, expressions are commonly composed of various forms of figure and ground entities that spatially relate a located objected to a reference object ( [29] describes different forms of figure and ground as well as distinguishing between between static and dynamic contexts).…”