Parvalbumins are a class of calcium-binding proteins characterized by the presence of several helix-loop-helix (EFhand) motifs. It is suspected that these proteins evolved via intragene duplication from a single EF-hand. Silver hake parvalbumin (SHPV) consists of three EF-type helix-loop-helix regions, two of which have the ability to bind calcium. The three helix-loop-helix motifs are designated AB, CD, and EF, respectively. In this study, native silver hake parvalbumin isoform B (SHPV-B) has been sequenced by mass spectrometry. The sequence indicates that this parvalbumin is a P-lineage parvalbumin. SHPV-B was cleaved into two major fragments, consisting of the ABCD and EF regions of the native protein. The 33-amino acid EF fragment (residues 76-108), containing one of the calcium ion binding sites in native SHPV-B, has been isolated and studied for its structural characteristics, ability to bind divalent and trivalent cations, and for its propensity to undergo metal ion-induced self-association. The presence of Ca2+ does not induce significant secondary structure in the EF fragment. However, NMR and CD results indicate significant secondary structure promotion in the EF fragment in the presence of the higher charge-density trivalent cations. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis results show that the EF fragment exists in a monomer-dimer equilibrium when complexed with La'+.Keywords: calcium-binding protein; EF-hand; helix-loop-helix; parvalbumin; silver hake Calcium-binding proteins are a class of proteins with important functions in enzyme activation, muscle contraction, and cell growth. A common structural characteristic of these proteins is the EFhand, a helix-loop-helix motif formed by a sequence of about 30 amino acids (Kretsinger & Nockolds, 1973;Kretsinger, 1975; Kretsinger & Nelson, 1976). Members of this homologous group of proteins contain from two to eight repeats of the helix-loophelix motif, with the EF domains generally occumng in pairs. The fact that EF-hands naturally occur in pairs implies that this domain partnering plays an important role in protein stabilization and function. It is suspected that, through intragene duplication, these proteins evolved from a single approximately 40-amino acid ancestral calcium-binding peptide (Kretsinger, 1972). This intragene duplication likely led to an elongated protein with greater stability and specificity than the ancestral protein. About one-third of the EFhand domains in this superfamily of proteins do not bind calcium (Kawasaki & Kretsinger, 1994).Parvalbumins, a subfamily of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins, have three EF-hand repeats, two of which are paired and Reprint requests to: Donald J. Nelson, Gustaf H. Carlson School of Chemistry, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610; e-mail: dnelson@vax.clarku.edu. bind calcium tightly. The N-terminal EF-hand noncalcium-binding domain forms a cap that covers the hydrophobic surface formed by the paired C-terminal calcium-binding domains. Within the parvalbumin subfamily, two distinct p...