“…In fact, Dugdale model is very effective and has been verified by experiments [7,3]. Due to its simplicity and validity, the idea underlying the Dugdale model has been widely adopted and developed to dispose a variety of crack or cracklike problems [3,29,33,4,24,16,21]. For instance, applying Dugdale's approach, Maugis [24] successfully explained the transition of JKR-DMT adhesive contact theory.…”