Refined exposure assessment of extracts of rosemary (E 392) from its use as food additive

Younes, Maged; Aggett, Peter; Aguilar, Fernando; Crebelli, Riccardo; Dusemund, Birgit; Filipič, Metka; Frutos, María José; Galtier, Pierre; Gott, David Michael; Gundert‐Remy, Ursula; Kuhnle, Gunter Georg; Lambré, Claude; Lillegaard, Inger Therese L.; Moldéus, Peter; Mortensen, Alicja; Oskarsson, Agneta; Stanković, Ivan; Waalkens‐Berendsen, Ine; Woutersen, Rudolf Antonius; Wright, Matthew; Boon, Polly; Lindtner, Oliver; Tlustos, Christina; Tard, Alexandra; Leblanc, Jean‐Charles

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5373

Cited by 25 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an aromatic herb originating from the Mediterranean region and cultivated worldwide. Extracts of rosemary possess high antioxidant activity, brought about by the presence of phenolics diterpenes, namely carnosic acid and carnosol, which account for 90% of the antioxidant activity of rosemary. , Due to their low toxicity and natural origin, rosemary extracts were allowed to be used as food additives (E 392) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) in 2008, with an adult daily limit of 0.3 mg of rosemary extract per kilogram of body weight . There are commercial rosemary extracts in different forms available for food applications as antioxidants in (i) oils and fats, (ii) bakery products, (iii) dressing and mayonnaise, (iv) meat and poultry products, (v) potato flakes, and as preservatives, inhibiting or slowing down microorganism activity. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using COSMO-RS in the Design of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Antioxidants from Rosemary

Wojeicchowski

Ferreira

Abranches

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Trial and error remain the most common method to select the right solvent for the extraction of natural products, in particular when dealing with novel, poorly studied solvents such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs). This can lead to either a lengthy or a suboptimal selection of solvents. COSMO-RS, a quantum chemistrybased thermodynamic model, was applied in this work to screen the best DESs for the extraction of carnosic acid and carnosol, present in rosemary. Twenty-eight hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) and fortynine hydrogen bond donors (HBD) were selected for the initial computational evaluation that revealed that hydrophobic DESs formed by ammonium chlorides as HBA, and the fatty acids, aromatic carboxylic acids, or alcohols as HBD to be the most suitable solvents for this extraction. Then, solid−liquid extractions were performed using these solvents to identify the best one and to optimize its composition. The ability of the solvents to obtain an extract rich in carnosic acid and carnosol was measured by the antioxidant activity of the extract, a mixture of 15 wt % of tetrapropylammonium chloride, 55 wt % of 1,2-propanediol, and 30 wt % of water being the solvent with the best performance. A response surface methodology was then carried out to optimize extraction conditions, in which antioxidant activity went up to 85 mg TE/g dw, that correspond to the extraction of 14.8 mg of carnosic acid and 18.9 mg of carnosol/g dw. Finally, the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from a solvent without HBA was investigated. These aqueous mixtures of 1,2-propanediol showed a small loss in the performance. However, since the extraction process is simplified and this alcohol is biocompatible and allowed in formulations, the binary mixture seems to be a good, more sustainable alternative, to the ternary one.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using COSMO-RS in the Design of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Antioxidants from Rosemary

Wojeicchowski

Ferreira

Abranches

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated the lack of toxicity of extracts obtained from leaves of R. officinalis, which are used as a food additive [32]; however, there is no data available about the toxicity of its flowers.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Rosemary Flowers Acute Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rosemary Flowers as Edible Plant Foods: Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties in Caenorhabditis elegans

et al. 2020

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Rosmarinus officinalis L., commonly known as rosemary, has been largely studied for its wide use as food ingredient and medicinal plant; less attention has been given to its edible flowers, being necessary to evaluate their potential as functional foods or nutraceuticals. To achieve that, the phenolic profile of the ethanolic extract of R. officinalis flowers was determined using LC-DAD-ESI/MSn and then its antioxidant and anti-ageing potential was studied through in vitro and in vivo assays using Caenorhabditis elegans. The phenolic content was 14.3 ± 0.1 mg/g extract, trans rosmarinic acid being the predominant compound in the extract, which also exhibited a strong antioxidant capacity in vitro and increased the survival rate of C. elegans exposed to lethal oxidative stress. Moreover, R. officinalis flowers extended C. elegans lifespan up to 18%. Therefore, these findings support the potential use of R. officinalis flowers as ingredients to develop products with pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical potential.

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“…The EFSA Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food (AFC Panel) issued one opinion on the safety of rosemary extract when used as a food additive (E 392) (EFSA AFC Panel, 2008). The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS Panel) issued another opinion on the extension of use of rosemary extract in fat‐based spreads (EFSA ANS Panel, 2015 ) and a refined exposure assessment of extracts of rosemary (EFSA ANS Panel, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and efficacy of two solvent extracts of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) when used as feed additive for cats and dogs (Kemin Nutrisurance Europe SRL)

Bampidis¹,

Azimonti²,

Bastos³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of two rosemary extracts obtained from the ■■■■■ of Rosmarinus officinalis L., as a technological (antioxidant) feed additive for cats and dogs. The two rosemary extracts were obtained through two different solvent extraction methods, acetone and ethanol. The additives were specified to contain carnosic acid and carnosol as the reference antioxidative compounds at a minimum content of their sum as ≥ 10% in the case of the acetone extract and ≥ 5% for the ethanol extract. Based on the data available, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the maximum safe concentrations of the additives in feed were 300 and 50 mg/kg feed, for dogs and cats, respectively. No data on potential effects on respiratory system were available; however, as the products are in liquid form, the FEEDAP Panel considered that the exposure through inhalation is unlikely. The additives were shown to be irritant to skin and consequently they were considered also eye irritants. Due to the lack of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the potential of the additives to be skin sensitisers. The food and feed matrices in which the additives are intended to be used are of comparable nature. Therefore, the antioxidant effect observed when the additives are used in food is expected to be observed also when the additives are used in feed at the recommended concentrations.

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Refined exposure assessment of extracts of rosemary (E 392) from its use as food additive

Cited by 25 publications

References 7 publications

Using COSMO-RS in the Design of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Antioxidants from Rosemary

Using COSMO-RS in the Design of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction of Antioxidants from Rosemary

Rosemary Flowers as Edible Plant Foods: Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties in Caenorhabditis elegans

Safety and efficacy of two solvent extracts of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) when used as feed additive for cats and dogs (Kemin Nutrisurance Europe SRL)

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