Refined grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome in urban Asian Indians (Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study 57)

Radhika, G.; Dam, Rob M. van; Sudha, Vasudevan; Ganesan, Anbazhagan; Mohan, Viswanathan

doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.01.008

Cited by 150 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In another study, women in the highest quintile of whole-grain and dietary fiber intake had a 23%, 49% lower risk of major weight gain, respectively [39]. Our finding of higher incidence of overweight and obesity from refined grain consumption compared to whole grains is consistent with results of others, showing that a high intake of refined grains leads to: higher BMI and WC; increased long-term weight gain; a higher fat mass; a higher BP; increased serum total and LDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, serum triglyceride; higher insulin resistance and diabetes prevalence [20,40,41,30,[42][43][44]. It is notable that refined grains are a source of some important nutrients and also fortified with folate in Canada [9].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

National pattern of grain products consumption among Canadians in association with body weight status

et al. 2017

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Background: Obesity in Canadian adults is showing upward trends. Consumption of whole-grains is one recommendation for the prevention of obesity. Despite the apparent nutritional and energy content differences between whole and refined grains, knowledge relating refined grains to weight gain in Canadian adults is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the consumption of specific grain-based foods at the regional and national levels, and to evaluate the association between grain consumption with overweight or obesity in Canadian adults. Methods: We used the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey data. The association between type of grain product consumed and Body Mass Index (BMI) in adults aged ≥19y was evaluated by logistic regression. Results: The mean daily intake of whole grains (86 ± 1.9 g/day) was significantly less than refined grains (276.6 ± 3.8 g/ day), which was different across provinces. After adjustment for caloric needs, male consumers showed significantly lower intake of whole grains than females. Accordingly, the incidence of overweight or obesity was higher in males than in females. Also, in comparison to whole grains, the consumption of refined grains was associated with a higher risk of overweight or obesity among adults. Conclusion: Canadians' preference was refined grain products consumption, based on 2004 Health Survey, which was significantly associated with overweight/obesity. Hence, consumption of whole grains should be more effectively promoted rather than refined grain products to prevent obesity and its complications such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

National pattern of grain products consumption among Canadians in association with body weight status

et al. 2017

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“…The mechanisms by which higher dietary energy density affects metabolic abnormalities are unknown. Higher Energy density and metabolic syndrome A Esmaillzadeh and L Azadbakht content of refined grains and added sugars of high-energydense diets may contribute to the development of insulin resistance which is a basic abnormality of the metabolic syndrome (Radhika et al, 2009;Malik et al, 2010). Furthermore, high consumption of saturated and trans-fatty acids in energy-dense diets might explain their effects on insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome (Kien, 2009).…”

Section: Energy Density and Metabolic Syndromementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Energy-dense diets have been reported to contain higher amounts of fat, refined grains and added sugars, while lower amounts of fruits and vegetables, whole-grains and dietary fiber (Kant and Graubard, 2005;Ledikwe et al, 2006b); such dietary intakes have been related to the high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in earlier studies (Srinivasan et al, 2006;Radhika et al, 2009;Malik et al, 2010). Furthermore, we are aware of just one report that evaluated dietary energy density in relation to the metabolic syndrome; where Mendoza et al (2007), using cross-sectional data from 1-day 24-h dietary recall in NHANES 1999-2002, found an independent positive association between dietary energy density and the metabolic syndrome among US adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary energy density and the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women

Esmaillzadeh

Azadbakht

2011

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Background/Objectives: In a comparison of women worldwide, Iranian women were found to have the highest prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, specific characteristics of diet in Middle-Eastern countries might provide additional information on the diet-disease relations. This study was performed to assess the association between dietary energy density and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Iranian women. Subjects/Methods: Usual dietary intakes were assessed in a cross-sectional study of 486 Iranian adult women by the use of a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary energy density was calculated as each individual's reported daily energy intake (kcal/d) into total weight of foods (excluding beverages) consumed (g/d). Anthropometric measures, fasting plasma glucose, serum lipid profiles and blood pressure were evaluated. The metabolic syndrome was defined according to Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Results: Mean dietary energy density was 1.77±0.35 kcal/g. Individuals in the top tertile of dietary energy density had 80% (odds ratio: 1.80; 95% confidence interval: 1.17, 3.15) greater odds of having the metabolic syndrome. Even after further adjustment for body mass index, this association remained significant. Higher dietary energy density was also significantly associated with greater odds of having abdominal adiposity (4.23; 2.51, 7.18), high-serum triacylglycerol concentrations (3.55; 2.31, 5.93) and low-serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (1.80; 1.13, 2.84). No overall significant associations were found between higher dietary energy density and risk of having elevated blood pressure or abnormal glucose homeostasis. Conclusions: Higher dietary energy density was significantly associated with a greater risk of the metabolic syndrome and most of its components. Further studies are required to focus on lowering dietary energy density as a probable strategy for preventing metabolic syndrome.

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“…Over the past two decades, the total daily intake of fat has increased by 7 g in the rural areas and 6 g in the urban areas of India (15). Even so, fat still contributes less than 15% to the total calories of the average Indian diet (16); it is more likely that the high intake of refined carbohydrates (e.g., polished white rice or other refined cereals) and the consequent high glycemic load is contributing to the increased insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in this population (17)(18)(19).…”

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confidence: 99%