“…This model represents the most general and complete case that can be considered with the modeling approach presented in this research, and therefore serves as a representative problem. The configuration considered is the deterministic optimal design, and sensitivities computed using global finite difference (GFD), direct semi-analytical (SA) and direct refined semi-analytical (RSA, Van Keulen, 2000b, Van Keulen andDe Boer, 1998b)) methods are compared. In the mechanical finite difference case, the perturbed analysis is started from the final nominal configuration, which raises the efficiency of this method significantly.…”