Refined spatial beam-column element for second-order analysis of lattice shell structure

Initial undamped resonant frequency of slender structures considering nonlinear geometric effects: the case of a 60.8 m-high mobile phone mast

“…Wadee and Farsi [30] investigated an analytical model based on the variational principle to study the sensitivity of stiffened and axially loaded thin-walled plates to geometric imperfections, evaluating their behavior in relation to both local and global buckling of the plate. Qi and Ding [31] utilized a refined spatial beam-column element for second-order analysis, considering the coupled effects of axial force, bending moment, and shear force. They established interpolation functions for the displacement of the element set in the tangent stiffness matrix to consider the second-order effects caused by axial, shear, and bending strain when properly inserted into the general structural stiffness.…”