In this paper, we report on a mentoring programme which provides an accreditation pathway to a master's level qualification. The paper serves three purposes. First, informed by selected literature on education we caution against expedient reductionist models that are based solely on novice-expert mentoring relationships with limited facility for critical inquiry. Second, we present an evolving theoretical framework for productive mentoring based on our critique of a preferred academic literature and interactions with mentor teachers, school principals and teacher educators. We proactively encourage an awareness of societal norms and traditions that can appear as counterculture to critical thinking. Lastly, we consider some implications for productive mentoring as an academic, caring and professional practice within a continuum of teacher education.Keywords: expedient reductionist models, critical thinking, caring and professional agency, productive mentoring, four principles, contextually responsive.Critical thinking, caring and professional agency:An emerging framework for productive mentoringIn this paper we adopt three different and complementary lenses through which to consider mentoring as an academic and professional practice: the international literature, our own reflective and reflexive dialogue and observations from mentor teachers' efforts to interrogate AN EMERGING FRAMEWORK FOR PRODUCTIVE MENTORING 3 their own professional practices. We contend that when inquiry-driven models of mentoring, encompassing critical thinking, caring and professional agency are contextually responsive, they can be successful in providing meaningful teacher education and professional learning. We present a framework for mentoring, productive mentoring, that is based on four principles, uses an evidence-informed lens, and addresses a multiplicity of mentoring relationships of learning.We caution against expedient reductionist models of mentoring that are based solely on rigid novice-expert relationships with limited facility for critical co-inquiry or sustained networks for professional knowledge generation. During the last four years we have advanced dialogue within the context of a challenging school culture and an awareness of societal norms and traditions that can run counterculture to critical thinking and professional agency. We have regularly and consistently shared, between ourselves and with our students, our own reflective and reflexive positions with regard to teaching, mentoring and education. We have observed the struggles of our motivated mentor teachers as they seek to interrogate their professional practices and the cultural constraints they face in trying to become scholarly and professional mentor teachers.Hargreaves (2003) believes that if the education community accepts teachers working within small budgets and conforming to externally imposed standards, teachers will become "the drones and clones of policymakers' anaemic ambitions'' (p. 2). He advocates an alternative scenario in which "highly sk...