Reflections on Cancer/Healthcare Landscape in India on the Occasion of 75 Years of Independence: Glorious Past and a Future Filled with Pride and Optimism

Incorporation of Simulation in Graduate Medical Education: Historical Perspectives, Current Status, and Future Directions

“…The Sushruta Samhita, an important treatise produced during the golden age of medicine in India (also called Bharat) from 800 BC to 1000 AD, may be one of the earliest treatises to describe simulation. 23 , 24 The treatise described how disciples practiced surgical skills by performing mock operations on various experimental models, such as incising watermelon, gourd, clay pots, and reeds and probing on a worm-eaten wood akin to present-day skills workshops. 23 , 24 Ancient clay and stone models used to demonstrate the clinical features of various diseases were also found across the globe.…”

“… 23 , 24 The treatise described how disciples practiced surgical skills by performing mock operations on various experimental models, such as incising watermelon, gourd, clay pots, and reeds and probing on a worm-eaten wood akin to present-day skills workshops. 23 , 24 Ancient clay and stone models used to demonstrate the clinical features of various diseases were also found across the globe. 25 Historical data also document the use of animals in teaching surgical skills since the middle ages through modern times.…”