Reflex Activity of the Spinal Cord

Denny-Brown,; Eccles,; Liddell,; Sherrington,

doi:10.1097/00005053-193310000-00051

Cited by 47 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…The eye performs several functions in which an inhibitory process should be useful [cf. Graham and Granit, 1931] Liddell and Sherrington, 1932] the physiology of the synaptic reactions has now been developed to a point when real significance may be derived from the fact that such reactions are present in the retina. A case in point is the question of area stimulated.…”

Section: Summarizing Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve

Granit¹

1933

The Journal of Physiology

491

199

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Section: Summarizing Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve

Granit¹

1933

The Journal of Physiology

491

199

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“…He began studying activity in motor axons with Sir Charles Sherrington (1857Sherrington ( -1952 at the University of Oxford, GBR by means of extracellular recording techniques (Creed et al, 1932). This work led to many key insights into the function of these neurons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beginning at the end: Repetitive firing properties in the final common pathway

Brownstone

2006

Progress in Neurobiology

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Since the early 20th century, it has been recognized that motoneurons must fire repetitive trains of action potentials to produce muscle contraction. In 1932, Sir John Eccles, together with Hebbel Hoff, found that action potential spike trains in motor axons were produced by "rhythmic centres", which were within the motoneurons themselves. Two decades later, Eccles attended a Cold Spring Harbor Symposium in NY, USA entitled "The Neuron". Two of the many notable presentations at this symposium were juxtaposed: one by Eccles from the University of Otago, Dunedin, NZL, and the other by J. Walter Woodbury and Harry Patton from the University of Washington, Seattle, USA. Both presentations included data obtained using sharp microelectrodes to study the intracellularly recorded potentials of cat motoneurons. In this review, I discuss some of the events leading up to and surrounding this jointly accomplished advance and proceed to discussion of subsequent studies over 5+ decades that have made use of intracellular recordings from motoneurons to study their repetitive firing behavior. This begins with early descriptions of primary and secondary range firing, and continues to the discovery of dendritic persistent inward currents and their relation to plateau potentials, synaptic amplification, and motoneuronal firing. Following a brief description of the possible mechanisms underlying spike frequency adaptation, I discuss the modulation of repetitive firing properties during various motor behaviors. It has become increasingly clear that the central nervous system has exquisite control of the repetitive firing of motoneurons. Eccles' work laid the foundation for the present-day study of these processes.

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“…Previous researchers (Creed et al, 1932;Hart, 1971) observed only that intravenous injection of strychnine, a glycine receptor antagonist (Goodman-Gilman et al, 1991), "facilitated" scratching, flexion withdrawal, and various other reflex movements in low-spinal mammals. In the present study, we investigated the role of glycinergic inhibition in the generation and coordination of fictive rostral scratch motor patterns.…”

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confidence: 98%

Glycinergic Inhibition Contributes to the Generation of Rostral Scratch Motor Patterns in the Turtle Spinal Cord

Currie

Lee

1997

J. Neurosci.

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Cutaneous stimulation within the rostral scratch receptive field in a low spinal-immobilized turtle elicits a fictive rostral scratch reflex characterized by robust rhythmic motor output from ipsilateral hindlimb muscle nerves and weaker, alternating motor discharge in contralateral nerves. Simultaneous bilateral stimulation elicits bilateral rostral scratch motor patterns in which activity on the right and left sides alternates.We investigated the role of glycinergic inhibition in the generation and coordination of fictive rostral scratch motor patterns. Glycine (2 or 5 mM) and strychnine (5-50 M), a glycine antagonist, were superfused over the anterior spinal hindlimb enlargement while fictive rostral scratch motor output was recorded bilaterally from hindlimb muscle nerves in the form of electroneurograms (ENGs). Although glycine reduced rostral scratch burst frequencies, strychnine tended to increase burst frequency. Strychnine also changed the shape of hip flexor ENG bursts, resulting in more abrupt burst onsets, indicating an earlier recruitment of motor neurons with large ENG spikes. During bilateral stimulation, strychnine increased the variability of interlimb phase values (left vs right hip flexor bursts) but did not abolish right-left alternation.These results indicate that glycinergic neurons in or near the anterior hindlimb enlargement contribute to the overall timing of the rostral scratch rhythm and to the recruitment timing of individual hip flexor motor neurons within each scratch burst. Our data also indicate that glycinergic mechanisms contribute to, but are not critically important for, maintaining an alternating interlimb coordination during bilateral scratch motor patterns.

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Reflex Activity of the Spinal Cord

Abstract: and it is to be hoped that every one interested in the subject of reflex action will read this book.

Cited by 47 publications

References 0 publications

The components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve

The components of the retinal action potential in mammals and their relation to the discharge in the optic nerve

Beginning at the end: Repetitive firing properties in the final common pathway

Glycinergic Inhibition Contributes to the Generation of Rostral Scratch Motor Patterns in the Turtle Spinal Cord

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