Reflexes Arising from the Arterial Chemoreceptors

Paterson, David J.; Nye, P. C. G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-2572-1_7

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Minute ventilation is defined as respiratory rate multiplied by tidal volume; thus, to maintain minute ventilation, if respiratory rate is decreased, tidal volume must be increased. A decrease in respiratory rate alone would lead to hypercapnia and activation of chemoreceptors (predominantly central chemoreceptors located in the brain stem) that respond primarily by orchestrating a forced increase in respiration rate (hyperventilation) [ 19 , 20 ]. Therefore, in order to maintain a decreased respiratory rate without disturbing respiratory homeostasis, tidal volume must be increased.…”

Section: Physiology Of Slow Breathingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human

Russo¹,

Santarelli²,

O’Rourke³

2017

Breathe

433

348

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Slow breathing practices have been adopted in the modern world across the globe due to their claimed health benefits. This has piqued the interest of researchers and clinicians who have initiated investigations into the physiological (and psychological) effects of slow breathing techniques and attempted to uncover the underlying mechanisms. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of normal respiratory physiology and the documented physiological effects of slow breathing techniques according to research in healthy humans. The review focuses on the physiological implications to the respiratory, cardiovascular, cardiorespiratory and autonomic nervous systems, with particular focus on diaphragm activity, ventilation efficiency, haemodynamics, heart rate variability, cardiorespiratory coupling, respiratory sinus arrhythmia and sympathovagal balance. The review ends with a brief discussion of the potential clinical implications of slow breathing techniques. This is a topic that warrants further research, understanding and discussion.Key pointsSlow breathing practices have gained popularity in the western world due to their claimed health benefits, yet remain relatively untouched by the medical community.Investigations into the physiological effects of slow breathing have uncovered significant effects on the respiratory, cardiovascular, cardiorespiratory and autonomic nervous systems.Key findings include effects on respiratory muscle activity, ventilation efficiency, chemoreflex and baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate variability, blood flow dynamics, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, cardiorespiratory coupling, and sympathovagal balance.There appears to be potential for use of controlled slow breathing techniques as a means of optimising physiological parameters that appear to be associated with health and longevity, and that may extend to disease states; however, there is a dire need for further research into the area.Educational aimsTo provide a comprehensive overview of normal human respiratory physiology and the documented effects of slow breathing in healthy humans.To review and discuss the evidence and hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying slow breathing physiological effects in humans.To provide a definition of slow breathing and what may constitute “autonomically optimised respiration”.To open discussion on the potential clinical implications of slow breathing techniques and the need for further research.

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Section: Physiology Of Slow Breathingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human

Russo¹,

Santarelli²,

O’Rourke³

2017

Breathe

433

348

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Studies of diaphragm movement and function show that, for optimal respiration, active control of the diaphragm is required so that during deep and slow inspiration, the abdomen expands instead of the chest, promoting greater lung tidal volume [ 35 , 36 ]. A decrease in respiratory rate alone would lead to hypercapnia (high CO2) or hypoxia (low O2) that, in turn, would trigger the chemoreceptors located in the carotid and aortic bodies, but most notably in the brain stem, inducing a forced increase in respiration rate (hyperventilation) [ 37 , 38 ]. Therefore, to maintain a decreased respiratory rate without disturbing respiratory homeostasis, the tidal volume must be increased via diaphragm movement, preventing the chemoreflex response to hypercapnia and hypoxia [ 39 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Yoga, Qigong, and Tai Chi Breathing Work Support the Psycho-Immune Homeostasis during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Narrative Review

et al. 2022

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Breathing is crucial in life; nevertheless, the healthcare community often overlooks the health potential of breathing techniques. Conscious manipulation of breathing to achieve specific health goals is found in yoga, Qigong and Tai Chi. This paper reviews the value of breathing exercises as a foremost mechanism for promoting, recuperating and maintaining health. Practices involving breathing techniques are described, and their prophylactic or therapeutic characteristics are explored. The main goals of this review are: (i) to summarize the evidence supporting the hypothesis that breathing practices have a significant beneficial impact on human health; (ii) to provide a deeper understanding of traditional biofeedback practices, particularly yoga, Qigong and Tai Chi, and outline their focus on breathing techniques; (iii) to outline specific immune-related responses, relevant for COVID-19 disorders; and (iv) to call for committed attention and action from the scientific community and health agencies in promoting the implementation of a practical and costless health program based on breathing techniques. This review shows the health potentials of breathing practices and exercises, which, by having a high benefit–cost ratio, could be selected and implemented as a primary standard routine in public health programs.

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Prolegomena

Torrance¹

1996

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

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Reflexes Arising from the Arterial Chemoreceptors

Cited by 5 publications

References 65 publications

The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human

The physiological effects of slow breathing in the healthy human

Can Yoga, Qigong, and Tai Chi Breathing Work Support the Psycho-Immune Homeostasis during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Narrative Review

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