Reflexive Limb Selection and Control of Reach Direction to Moving Targets in Cats, Monkeys, and Humans

Perfiliev, S.; Isa, Tadashi; Johnels, Bo; Steg, Göran; Wessberg, Johan

doi:10.1152/jn.01133.2009

Cited by 36 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…During training, monkeys showed short RTs immediately upon encountering moving targets in the quasi-112 automatic context. This observation is consistent with the suggestion that moving targets evoke intercepting 113 movements with an almost innate short latency 26 . For this reason, we refer to such reaches as 'quasi-114 automatic'.…”

Section: Reaction Times 83supporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, 60the temporal flexibility of that process is considerable; it can arise well before movement onset, but can also 61 consume surprisingly little time. In agreement with 24,26 , such brevity argues against the idea that movement 62 preparation necessarily involves time-consuming cognitive or high-level planning processes. It is more likely 63 that preparatory activity plays a straightforward and mechanistic role: initializing the circuits that are about to 64 produce descending movement commands.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

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Conservation of preparatory neural events regardless of how movement is initiated

Lara

Elsayed

Cunningham

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Voluntary movement is believed to be preceded by a preparatory stage. Evidence arises from experiments where a delay separates instruction and execution cues. While this sequence emulates some real-world situations (e.g., swatting a fly upon landing) movements are commonly made at a moment of one's choosing (reaching for a coffee cup) or are made reactively (intercepting a falling cup). To ascertain whether neural events are conserved across such contexts, we examined motor cortex population-level responses in monkeys when reaches were initiated either after an imposed delay, at a self-chosen time, or reactively with very low latency. We found that the same preparatory and movement-related events were conserved. However, preparation was temporally flexible and could be remarkably brief. Our findings support the existing hypothesis that preparation is an obligatory stage that achieves a consistent state prior to movement. Yet our results reveal that preparation can unfold more rapidly than previously supposed.

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Section: Reaction Times 83supporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 85%

Conservation of preparatory neural events regardless of how movement is initiated

Lara

Elsayed

Cunningham

et al. 2017

Preprint

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show abstract

“…Still, the planning of ballistic elbow movements remained functional. This suggests that there is enough redundancy in the nervous system to effectively compensate for cortical loss following stroke, or that additional structures, such as the regions of the tectum that contribute to rapid coordination of eye and hand movements [49], are significantly involved in the planning process. Without specific lesion data, it is not possible to differentiate between these two hypotheses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Planning of Ballistic Movement following Stroke: Insights from the Startle Reflex

Honeycutt

Perreault

2012

PLoS ONE

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Following stroke, reaching movements are slow, segmented, and variable. It is unclear if these deficits result from a poorly constructed movement plan or an inability to voluntarily execute an appropriate plan. The acoustic startle reflex provides a means to initiate a motor plan involuntarily. In the presence of a movement plan, startling acoustic stimulus triggers non-voluntary early execution of planned movement, a phenomenon known as the startReact response. In unimpaired individuals, the startReact response is identical to a voluntarily initiated movement, except that it is elicited 30–40 ms. As the startReact response is thought to be mediated by brainstem pathways, we hypothesized that the startReact response is intact in stroke subjects. If startReact is intact, it may be possible to elicit more task-appropriate patterns of muscle activation than can be elicited voluntarily. We found that startReact responses were intact following stroke. Responses were initiated as rapidly as those in unimpaired subjects, and with muscle coordination patterns resembling those seen during unimpaired volitional movements. Results were striking for elbow flexion movements, which demonstrated no significant differences between the startReact responses elicited in our stroke and unimpaired subject groups. The results during planned extension movements were less straightforward for stroke subjects, since the startReact response exhibited task inappropriate activity in the flexors. This inappropriate activity diminished over time. This adaptation suggests that the inappropriate activity was transient in nature and not related to the underlying movement plan. We hypothesize that the task-inappropriate flexor activity during extension results from an inability to suppress the classic startle reflex, which primarily influences flexor muscles and adapts rapidly with successive stimuli. These results indicate that stroke subjects are capable of planning ballistic elbow movements, and that when these planned movements are involuntarily executed they can be as rapid and appropriate as those in unimpaired individuals.

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“…The functional significance of the SLR In humans, involuntary corrective muscle responses can occur within 80-100 ms of a visual perturbation or a jump in target location (Saijo et al, 2005;Fautrelle et al, 2010;Perfiliev et al, 2010), and these fast corrections are dissociable from slower, voluntary corrections (Day & Brown, 2001). The fast online correction is mediated by a spinal circuit that modulates ongoing corticospinal drive, and it is abolished by lesions in the reticulospinal tract (Alstermark et al, 1990;Pettersson et al, 1997;Pettersson & Perfiliev, 2002).…”

Section: Linking Physiological Tremor To Sensorimotor Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient visual responses reset the phase of low‐frequency oscillations in the skeletomotor periphery

Wood

Corneil

et al. 2015

Eur J of Neuroscience

126

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We recorded muscle activity from an upper limb muscle while human subjects reached towards peripheral targets. We tested the hypothesis that the transient visual response sweeps not only through the central nervous system, but also through the peripheral nervous system. Like the transient visual response in the central nervous system, stimulus-locked muscle responses (< 100 ms) were sensitive to stimulus contrast, and were temporally and spatially dissociable from voluntary orienting activity. Also, the arrival of visual responses reduced the variability of muscle activity by resetting the phase of ongoing low-frequency oscillations. This latter finding critically extends the emerging evidence that the feedforward visual sweep reduces neural variability via phase resetting. We conclude that, when sensory information is relevant to a particular effector, detailed information about the sensorimotor transformation, even from the earliest stages, is found in the peripheral nervous system.

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Reflexive Limb Selection and Control of Reach Direction to Moving Targets in Cats, Monkeys, and Humans

Abstract: Perfiliev S, Isa T, Johnels B, Steg G, Wessberg J. Reflexive limb selection and control of reach direction to moving targets in cats, monkeys, and humans.

Cited by 36 publications

References 57 publications

Conservation of preparatory neural events regardless of how movement is initiated

Conservation of preparatory neural events regardless of how movement is initiated

Planning of Ballistic Movement following Stroke: Insights from the Startle Reflex

Transient visual responses reset the phase of low‐frequency oscillations in the skeletomotor periphery

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