Reflexiver Terrorismus

Fuzzy‐logical self‐organisation system modelling—Illustrating case of self‐organisation Czech restaurants during the Covid‐19 pandemic

“…This means to distinguish according to the logic of how‐so, that is both values apply to the characterisation of the social object. The concept of gradual differentiation leaves open gradation, which corresponds to the differentiation of social events (Kron, 2015, p. 89, Kron & Winter, 2021). Here, it is beneficial to use Luhmann's form of distinction by leading to the reproduction of one value into different affiliations to one or the other code value (Kron, 2015, pp.…”

“…According to them, however, Luhmann's approach is not de‐ontological and thus multi‐valued, but is based on a quasi‐ontological binary. It is not a distinction in the sense that the properties of a particular social event belong to both one side and the other, but merely a specification of an ‘either‐or’ logic (either one value or the other applies) (Kron, 2015, pp. 183ff.…”

“…Conversely, paradox in fuzzy logic means that the contradiction is the event itself, implying both opposite extremes of values simultaneously (Kron & Winter, 2005; pp. 208–209; Kron, 2015, p. 181ff.…”

“…M expresses the same quantity of A ∪ A′ and A ∩ A′. Thus, it is possible to model hybrids mathematically by using jz to express the sequential affiliation, that is, the inclusive distinction, taking into account the necessity to use form, while showing that everything corresponds to its opposite (Kron, 2015, p. 195). Thus, for example, they model the necessary and sufficient conditions of the (re)production of terror.…”

“…Thus, the authors begin by identifying the two premises underlying the use of fuzzy logic in the formalisation of self‐organisation in the perspective of system theory, that is, language and complexity, as argued by Kron (2015, pp. 195–197).…”