Refractive error and associated risk factors in 6-12 years school children

Kannan, Umamaheswari; Rajendiran, Anandhi; Yeraballi, Dhanalakshmi; Shamanna, Karthik; John, Nitin Ashok; Rene, Senthamizhan

doi:10.5455/njppp.2016.6.0410822062016

Cited by 8 publications

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“…The present study revealed that 22.5% of the children had clinically significant refractive error. However, this prevalence was higher than the rates observed in a study of schoolchildren in India 31 (5.46% in an urban area and 2.63% in a rural area) and in another study of schoolchildren in India 36 (17.5% in an urban area and 12% in a rural area). Differences in the refractive error threshold might have led to the variability in refractive error prevalence among studies.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Strabismus prevalence and associated factors among pediatric patients in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2020

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Objective To assess the strabismus prevalence and associated factors among children aged ≤15 years. Methods This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to October 2017 in the Department of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect relevant data and clinical examinations were performed for patient diagnosis. Results Overall, 582 children participated in the study (response rate, 97%). The prevalence of childhood strabismus was 17.9% [95% confidence interval: 14.6–21.1]. Additionally, 9.6%, 16.7%, and 9.6% of the children had anisometropia, amblyopia, and dense cataract, respectively. Among the 16.7% of children with amblyopia, 56.7% had strabismus; among the 22.5% of children with clinically significant refractive error, 52.7% had strabismus. Moreover, among the 9.6% of children with anisometropia, 58.9% had strabismus. The presence of amblyopia (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.9, 1.7–8.6), age <5 years (13.5 [5.0–36.1]), age 5 to 10 years (6.1 [2.3–16.3]), and clinically significant refractive error (13.3 [5.8–30.6]) were significantly associated with childhood strabismus. Conclusions The prevalence of strabismus was relatively high among patients in this study. Early screening for childhood strabismus is essential. A well-controlled community-based study is needed to confirm strabismus prevalence and predictors.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

Strabismus prevalence and associated factors among pediatric patients in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2020

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“…Other studies conducted in different part of India did not found significant difference in the prevalence of refractive errors between gender. 16,20 A study done in India also found statistically significant association between refractive errors and age groups 16 while another study didn't observed statistically significant association between refractive errors and age groups. 17 One study done in Uttar Pradesh, India also not found the significant association with positive family history 23 whereas another study conducted in Bangalore, India found a very strong relationship between refractive errors and hereditary or familial factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Similarly, the different studies also observed that maximum number of participants were from urban than rural area. 9,13,17,20 One study found more participants from the rural area. 15 The children living in urban areas have to do lot of near work activities and also the duration of outdoor games was less as compared to children from rural areas.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnitude of refractive errors in children in tertiary care hospital of western Nepal

Godar¹

2020

JCMC

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Background: Refractive error is one of the most common causes of the visual impairment and second leading cause of treatable blindness. The objective of the study was to determine the magnitude of refractive errors in children. Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted on 254 children attending Ophthalmology OPD of Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. The children whose visual acuity was worse than 6/6 but improved with pinhole were included in this study. Vision test, retinoscopy and subjective refraction was done in all subjects and cycloplegic refraction was done when needed. Statistical analysis was carried out using Epi-info version 7. Results: The commonest type of refractive error was astigmatism (46.06%) followed by myopia (42.31%). Majority of children had low grade of refractive errors (46.85%). Among the children, “with the rule astigmatism” was maximum (27.56%). Majority of children were in the age between 11 to 15 years (77.95%). The refractive error was seen more in female (63.78%). Among the children of refractive errors, 29.13% had family history, 33.46% had given the history of wearing spectacles and 10.24% children had amblyopia. There was statistically significant association between refractive errors and age groups, history of wearing spectacles, amblyopia and grading of refractive errors. However, there was no statistically significant association of refractive error with gender, residence and family history. Conclusions: Astigmatism was the common type of refractive error followed by myopia. This study emphasizes the importance of detection of refractive error in children.

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“…Compared to other similar studies conducted so far, this finding was consistent 26,27 and inconsistent with other studies conducted in different study settings. 26,28,29 The observed variation could partly be explained by the differences in study setting, sample size, and age category of children included in the studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These included being female, being in the age group of 10-13 years, history of spectacle use by both parents, distance of TV watching, duration of TV watching, duration of computer/mobile games, watching television for 2-4 hrs/ day, watching television at <1 m, watching television at 1-2 m, mobile exposure for 2-4 hrs/day, mobile exposure for >4 hrs/day, medical visit while experiencing symptoms and no medical visit experience and outdoor playing. 28,30 The only variable that showed significant association with VI was the parents'/guardians' awareness status about VI in their children. Accordingly, parents/guardians being unaware of VI in their children were more likely to develop VI in their children compared to parents who were aware about VI in their children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Associated Factors Among Primary Schoolchildren in Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia</p>

Hailu¹,

Hiko²,

Shaweno³

2020

OPTH

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Background: Visual impairment (VI) refers to reduction of vision resulting in a lower than normal visual acuity (VA). Although school programs are recommended for early detection and timely interventions of VI, available information with regard to prevalence of VI and associated factors among primary schoolchildren near to the main city, Addis Ababa is inadequate. Thus, we assessed the prevalence of VI and the associated factors among children attending government primary schools of Lideta sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: This was a school-based cross-sectional study conducted from April to May 2019, using a two-stage cluster sampling method in Lideta sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. From the total 18 government primary schools in Lideta sub-city, six were selected using probability proportionate to size (PPS) method. The study population was primary schoolchildren aged 7 to 17 years in the selected six primary schools. A total of 816 eligible primary schoolchildren were identified to be included in the study. The selected children were examined for the presence of VI. Children's parents/guardians were interviewed using structured pre-tested questionnaires. In this study, myopia and hyperopia were defined as difficulty in viewing distant and near objects, respectively. Similarly, astigmatism was a refractive error which results from an uneven cornea surface, which results in distorted images. Epi-data 3.1 and SPSS version 20 were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Binary logistic regression was performed to check association between dependent and independent variables. Significance was set at p-value <0.05. Results: From a total of 816 eligible primary schoolchildren, 773 children were examined for VI, making the response rate 94.7%. Out of the 773 children, 370 (47.9%) were male and 403 (52.1%) were female. The mean age of the participants was 11.69 years (SD 2.64 years). The prevalence of VI among schoolchildren was 4.4%. The causes of VI included myopia (43%), astigmatism with or without amblyopia (31%), hyperopia with or without amblyopia (20%), and others. The parents/ guardians not being aware of their children's eye problem (AOR=2.2, 95% CI: 1.2-4.4) was the only significantly associated factor with VI. Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of VI among schoolchildren was high. The students being unaware about their eye problem was significantly associated with VI. Thus, close monitoring and regular screening for VI in schoolchildren are highly recommended to allow timely intervention.

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Refractive error and associated risk factors in 6-12 years school children

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Strabismus prevalence and associated factors among pediatric patients in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Strabismus prevalence and associated factors among pediatric patients in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

Magnitude of refractive errors in children in tertiary care hospital of western Nepal

<p>Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Associated Factors Among Primary Schoolchildren in Addis Ababa, Central Ethiopia</p>

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