Refractive error in underserved adults

Jeganathan, V Swetha E; Robin, Alan L.; Woodward, Maria A.

doi:10.1097/icu.0000000000000376

Cited by 26 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Uncorrected Refractive Errors (URE) are the main cause of visual impairment and the second leading cause of preventable blindness globally, 47 while in some recent studies URE is considered as the main leading cause of VI. 8 , 22 , 24 , 32 In Saudi Arabia URE were reported to be a leading cause of VI in adults of Northern Saudi Arabia 33 and commonest cause of VI in school children of Qassim Province.…”

Section: Causes Of Visual Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global prevalence and causes of visual impairment with special reference to the general population of Saudi Arabia

Alswailmi¹

2018

Pak J Med Sci

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Objective:This review was undertaken to highlight the worldwide prevalence and causes of visual impairment (VI), on the basis of a wide range of recent and clearly defined data and in comparison with published articles from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Methods:These data are mainly based on PubMed indexed journal articles. Some representative surveys from each of the six WHO regions across the globe were included in this review with special reference to Saudi Arabian studies.Results:Published literature show that the prevalence and causes of VI varies markedly in different parts of the world and from region to region within the same country. Cataract, uncorrected refractive errors and glaucoma were shown to be the leading causes of VI worldwide and in Saudi Arabia. Diabetic retinopathy was found to have more contribution in Saudi Arabia due the higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus in this country.Conclusion:Epidemiological surveys about the prevalence and causes of VI are crucial for the formulation of preventive and curative measures. Data about VI are still scarce with a need to make wider population based surveys, worldwide and in Saudi Arabia for in-depth evaluation of the problem and better strategies to reduce the burden of VI.

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Section: Causes Of Visual Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global prevalence and causes of visual impairment with special reference to the general population of Saudi Arabia

Alswailmi¹

2018

Pak J Med Sci

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“…Lack of knowledge and awareness about RE3, non-recognition of the problem at personal or family level, as well as at community and public health level; economic and social barriers and availability and affordability of eye health services are the main reasons for RE to remain uncorrected 4,5. RE have serious impact on economy of many countries of the world 6,7.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among Saudi adults

Parrey¹,

Elmorsy²

2019

Pak J Med Sci

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Background & Objectives: Refractive Errors (RE) are responsible for major portion of the treatable visual impairment and avoidable blindness in the world. The prevalence of RE varies with age, gender, ethnicity, geographical locations and also from time to time due to progresse in eye care services. We aimed to study the prevalence of RE and assess their patterns among Saudi adults of Arar city, the capital of Northern Border Region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, population-based study. A total number of 966 Saudi adults aged 16 to 39 years were enrolled. The patterns of their RE were studied through auto-refraction evaluation. Results: The prevalence of RE was 45.8%. The most frequent type of RE was myopia in 24.4%, followed by hyperopia 11.9% and astigmatism in 9.5% cases. Ages and genders significantly affect the prevalence of the different patterns of RE (0.033 and 0.012, respectively). Conclusion: The prevalence of RE in Arar city is slightly lower than that previously published in the same targeted age group. Myopia is the main RE. More awareness programs, especially among young adults are recommended for better outcomes. Abbreviations: RE: Refractive Error, SE: Spherical Equivalent, VA: Visual Acuity, VI: Visual Impairment. How to cite this:Parrey MUR, Elmorsy E. Prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among Saudi adults. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(2):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.2.648 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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“…Although previous studies demonstrated the relationship between economic status and the prevalence of UREs, the unmet refractive error, and the use of spectacles in different parts of the world,6, 10, 16, 19 to the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated economic inequity in unmet refractive error. Horizontal equity is defined as “equal treatment for equal medical needs regardless of some characteristics such as economic status, gender, health status, etc” 20, 21…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Some studies reported the prevalence of UREs, the percentage of the unmet refractive error, and the use of spectacles in different parts of the world, especially in Asia 2, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. These studies found that the prevalence of unmet refractive error is remarkable, as well as the factors which are effective on them 6, 10, 11, 15, 16. Some also suggested that UREs are distributed unequally especially among the individuals with a low economic status and suburban population 3, 17, 18…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…reported that global estimate of refractive errors in 2010 included 101.2 million with VI induced by UREs and 6.8 million blind people induced by UREs. Some studies have shown that UREs may reduce educational opportunities, productivity, health status, as well as the life quality among people 3, 4, 5, 6. In addition, vision impairment induced by UREs is considered the main cause of disability, which can be often and easily prevented 7…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The reduction of horizontal inequity in unmet refractive error: The Shahroud Eye Cohort Study, 2009–2014

Raznahan

Emamian

Hashemi

et al. 2019

Journal of Current Ophthalmology

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Purpose To measure Horizontal Inequity Index (HI) of unmet refractive error and its changes between 2009 and 2014 in Iran. Methods The data used in this study was taken from population-based study, Shahroud Eye Cohort Study. The number of participants analyzed in first (2009) and second phases of study (2014) were 5190 and 4737, respectively, and individuals between 40 and 64 years were included. The HI was determined by using the Concentration Index (C) based on the nonlinear (Probit) model, and C was decomposed to identify and quantify the contribution of each factor. Results After adjusting for need variables, the results demonstrated that the HI in unmet refractive need decreased from −0.288 (95% CI: 0.370, −0.206) in the 2009 to −0.132 (95% CI: 0.290, −0.028) in 2014. Decomposition of the C showed that level of education and economic status were the greatest contributors with shares of 26.2% and 17.9%, respectively, in reducing the amount of HI in unmet refractive error between 2009 and 2014. Conclusions The current study demonstrated that unmet refractive error did not have an equal distribution among economic quintiles, despite the same need for correcting refractive errors. Reducing the amount of HI in unmet refractive error between 2009 and 2014 indicated an improvement in the unmet need in the five years period between two phases of study.

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Refractive error in underserved adults

Cited by 26 publications

References 48 publications

Global prevalence and causes of visual impairment with special reference to the general population of Saudi Arabia

Global prevalence and causes of visual impairment with special reference to the general population of Saudi Arabia

Prevalence and pattern of refractive errors among Saudi adults

The reduction of horizontal inequity in unmet refractive error: The Shahroud Eye Cohort Study, 2009–2014

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